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08-18-2047, chapter 3.2

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1-vowels.md
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# 3.1. 元音（Vowels）
英文总计 **6** 个基础元音，分别是 <span class="pho">ɑ</span>、<span class="pho">ɪ</span>、<span class="pho">u</span>、<span class="pho">e</span>、<span class="pho">ɔ</span>、<span class="pho">ə</span>、 —— 这 6 个短元音就好像是 “根” 一样。所有元音要么是它们略有变化的长短版本，即，长元音（美式英语有半长元音）；要么是它们的组合版本，即，双元音或者三元音。
英文总计 **6** 个基础元音，分别是 <span class="pho">ɑ</span>、<span class="pho">ɪ</span>、<span class="pho">u</span>、<span class="pho">e</span>、<span class="pho">ɔ</span>、<span class="pho">ə</span>、 —— 这 6 个基础元音就好像是 “根” 一样。所有元音要么是它们略有变化的长短版本，即，长元音或者短元音（美式英语还有半长元音）；或者是更轻的版本（轻元音），或者是美式英语中普遍的儿化音，抑或是它们的组合版本，即，双元音或者三元音。
| 基础元音 | 短元音 | 半长元音 | 长元音 | 儿化音 | 组合音 |
| -------- | ------ | -------- | ------ | ------ | ------------------------------------- |
| <span class="pho">ɑ</span> | <span class="pho">ʌ</span> | | <span class="pho">ɑː</span> | <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> | <span class="pho">aɪ</span>, <span class="pho">aʊ</span>, <span class="pho">aʊə/aʊr</span> |
| <span class="pho">i</span> | <span class="pho">ɪ</span> | <span class="pho">i</span> | <span class="pho">iː</span> | <span class="pho">ɪr</span> | <span class="pho">aɪ</span>, <span class="pho">eɪ</span>, <span class="pho">ɔɪ</span>, <span class="pho">ɪə/ɪr</span>, <span class="pho">aɪə/aɪr</span> |
| <span class="pho">u</span> | <span class="pho">ʊ</span> | <span class="pho">u</span> | <span class="pho">uː</span> | <span class="pho">ʊr</span> | <span class="pho">ʊə/ʊr</span>, <span class="pho">aʊ</span>, <span class="pho">əʊ/oʊ</span>, <span class="pho">aʊə/aʊr</span> |
| <span class="pho">e</span> | <span class="pho">e</span> | <span class="pho">æ</span> | | <span class="pho">er</span> | <span class="pho">eəer</span>, <span class="pho">ʊə/ʊr</span>, <span class="pho">aɪə/aɪr</span>, <span class="pho">aʊə/aʊr</span> |
| <span class="pho">ɔ</span> | <span class="pho">ɒ</span> | | <span class="pho">ɔː</span> | <span class="pho">ɔːr</span> | <span class="pho">ɔɪ</span> |
| <span class="pho">ə</span> | <span class="pho">ə</span> | | <span class="pho">ɜː</span> | <span class="pho">ɚ/ɝː</span> | <span class="pho">aʊəaʊr</span>, <span class="pho">ɪə/ɪr</span>, <span class="pho">aɪə/aɪr</span>, <span class="pho">ʊə/ʊr</span>, <span class="pho">eə/er</span> |
| 基础元音 | 短元音 | 半长元音 | 轻元音 | 长元音 | 儿化音 | 组合音 |
| -------------------------- | -------------------------- | --------------------------- | -------------------------- | --------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| <span class="pho">ɑ</span> | <span class="pho">ʌ</span> | <span class="pho">ɑː</span> | | | <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> | <span class="pho">aɪ</span>, <span class="pho">aʊ</span>, <span class="pho">aʊə/aʊr</span> |
| <span class="pho">i</span> | <span class="pho">ɪ</span> | | <span class="pho">i</span> | <span class="pho">iː</span> | <span class="pho">ɪr</span> | <span class="pho">aɪ</span>, <span class="pho">eɪ</span>, <span class="pho">ɔɪ</span>, <span class="pho">ɪə/ɪr</span>, <span class="pho">aɪə/aɪr</span> |
| <span class="pho">u</span> | <span class="pho">ʊ</span> | | <span class="pho">u</span> | <span class="pho">uː</span> | <span class="pho">ʊr</span> | <span class="pho">ʊə/ʊr</span>, <span class="pho">aʊ</span>, <span class="pho">əʊ/oʊ</span>, <span class="pho">aʊə/aʊr</span> |
| <span class="pho">e</span> | <span class="pho">e</span> | <span class="pho">æ</span> | | | <span class="pho">er</span> | <span class="pho">eə/er</span>, <span class="pho">ʊə/ʊr</span>, <span class="pho">aɪə/aɪr</span>, <span class="pho">aʊə/aʊr</span> |
| <span class="pho">ɔ</span> | <span class="pho">ɒ</span> | | | <span class="pho">ɔː</span> | <span class="pho">ɔːr</span> | <span class="pho">ɔɪ</span> |
| <span class="pho">ə</span> | <span class="pho">ə</span> | | | <span class="pho">ɜː</span> | <span class="pho">ɚ/ɝː</span> | <span class="pho">aʊə/aʊr</span>, <span class="pho">ɪə/ɪr</span>, <span class="pho">aɪə/aɪr</span>, <span class="pho">ʊə/ʊr</span>, <span class="pho">eə/er</span> |
元音发声时，气流从肺部通过声门冲击**声带**，使其均匀**振动**，而后通过起着共鸣器作用的口腔，无阻力地呼出。