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08-18-2047, chapter 3.2

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</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ʌ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_cup_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>b<b>u</b>t <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/but_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/but_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td>b<b>u</b>t <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/but-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/but-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ʌ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_cup_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>b<b>u</b>t <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/but_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/but_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td>b<b>u</b>t <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/but-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/but-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ɑː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>f<b>a</b>ther <span class="pho alt">ˈfɑː.ðər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/father_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/father_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td>f<b>a</b>ther <span class="pho alt">ˈfɑː.ðər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/father-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/father-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ɑː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>f<b>a</b>ther <span class="pho alt">ˈfɑː.ðɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/father_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/father_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td>f<b>a</b>ther <span class="pho alt">ˈfɑː.ðɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/father-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/father-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ɒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_sock_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>d<b>o</b>g <span class="pho alt">dɒɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/dog_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/dog_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td>d<b>o</b>g <span class="pho alt">dɒɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/dog-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/dog-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ɑː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>d<b>o</b>g <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dog_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dog_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td>d<b>o</b>g <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dog-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dog-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><span class="pho">ɑːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_card_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>c<b>ar</b>d<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/card_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/card_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td>c<b>ar</b>d<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/card-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/card-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## 3.1.2.2. 短元音 <span class="pho">ʌ</span>
在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ʌ</span> 略有 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的音色，甚至有些美国词典干脆用 <span class="pho">ə</span> 这个符号替代 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> —— 比如韦氏词典（Merriam-Webster）中 *but* 这个词的音标被写成 <span class="pho alt">bət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/but_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/but_us_male.mp3"></span>。另外，英国人说 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 的时候，口型相对美国人更大一些。
在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ʌ</span> 略有 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的音色，甚至有些美国词典干脆用 <span class="pho">ə</span> 这个符号替代 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> —— 比如韦氏词典（Merriam-Webster）中 *but* 这个词的音标被写成 <span class="pho alt">bət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/but-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/but-us-male.mp3"></span>。另外，英国人说 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 的时候，口型相对美国人更大一些。
## 3.1.1.3. 半长元音 <span class="pho">ɑː</span>
在 CEPD 中，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 虽然带着一个长元音符号，它实际的长度相当于**半长元音**，即，它比短元音长一些，比长元音短一些。
在《剑桥英语发声词典》中，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 虽然带着一个长元音符号，它实际的长度相当于**半长元音**，即，它比短元音长一些，比长元音短一些。
另外，CEPD 里的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 还对应着英式英语中的短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span>。除了 CEPD 之外，大多词典会把 *hot* 的音标标注为 <span class="pho alt">hɑt</span> —— 即，没有长元音符号。但是CEPD 会标注成 <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hot-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hot-us-male.mp3"></span>。所以，按照 CEPD 的标注，我们可以这么理解：在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ʌ</span> 最短，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 更长一些，而 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 最长。
另外，《剑桥英语发声词典》里的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 还对应着英式英语中的短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span>。除了《剑桥英语发声词典》之外，大多词典会把 *hot* 的音标标注为 <span class="pho alt">hɑt</span> —— 即，没有长元音符号。但是《剑桥英语发声词典》会标注成 <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hot-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hot-us-male.mp3"></span>。所以，按照《剑桥英语发声词典》的标注，我们可以这么理解：在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ʌ</span> 最短，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 更长一些，而 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 最长。
## 3.1.1.4. 儿化长元音 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span>
## 3.1.1.4. 儿化音 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span>
<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 的儿化音得用**舍尾后缩**的方式发出（*Bunched R*）。如果你肯仔细体会的话，从感觉上来看，<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 更像是 <span class="pho">ɑːᵊr</span>，或者写成 <span class="pho">ɑːɚ</span> —— 会有个实际上相当明显的 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的加音。
<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 的儿化音得用**舍尾后缩**的方式发出（*Bunched R*）。如果你肯仔细体会的话，从感觉上来看，<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 更像是 <span class="pho">ɑːᵊr</span>，或者写成 <span class="pho">ɑːɚ</span> —— 会有个实际上相当明显的 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的加音，比如 *card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/card-us-female.mp3"></span>。
## 3.1.1.5. <span class="pho">ɑː</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">æ</span>
除了CEPD 里的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 还对应着英式英语中的短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span> 之外，另外一个值得注意的是，英音中的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 在美式英语中读作 <span class="pho">æ</span>，最常见的例子是 *ask*，英音是 <span class="pho alt">ɑːsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/ask-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/ask-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音是 <span class="pho alt">æsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ask-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ask-us-female.mp3"></span>。
除了《剑桥英语发声词典》里的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 还对应着英式英语中的短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span> 之外，另外一个值得注意的是，英音中的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 在美式英语中读作 <span class="pho">æ</span>，最常见的例子是 *ask*，英音是 <span class="pho alt">ɑːsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/ask-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/ask-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音是 <span class="pho alt">æsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ask-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ask-us-female.mp3"></span>。
## 3.1.1.6. 拼写（Spellings）