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08-18-2047, chapter 3.2

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# 3.1.5. <span class="pho">e</span>/<span class="pho">æ</span>/<span class="pho">er</span>
<span class="pho">æ</span> 的发音，口型比 <span class="pho">e</span> 略大，但比 <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 小。
![vowels-mouth-shape-e](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-e.svg)
## 3.1.5.1. 示例
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D.J.</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
<td>IPA</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">e</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_head_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>ch<b>e</b>ck <span class="pho alt">tʃek</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/check-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/check-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">e</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_head_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>ch<b>e</b>ck <span class="pho alt">tʃek</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/check-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/check-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">æ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_hat_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>th<b>a</b>nk <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/thank-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/thank-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">æ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_hat_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>th<b>a</b>nk <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thank-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thank-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">eə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_hair_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>air</b> <span class="pho alt">eə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/air-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/air-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">er</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_hair_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>air</b> <span class="pho alt">er</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/air-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/air-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## 3.1.5.2. 短元音 <span class="pho">e</span>
有些词典针对美式发音常常会用 <span class="pho">ɛ</span> 标注 <span class="pho">e</span> 这个音[^1]。比如，在《剑桥英语发声词典》里 *head* 标注为 <span class="pho alt">hed</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/head-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/head-us-female.mp3"></span>，韦氏词典将其标注为 <span class="pho alt">hɛd</span>。
## 3.1.5.3. 半长元音 <span class="pho">æ</span>
<span class="pho">æ</span> 的发音，口型比 <span class="pho">e</span> 略大。
此外，<span class="pho">æ</span> 相当于是 <span class="pho">e</span> 的更长版本。虽然 <span class="pho">æ</span> 后面没有长元音符号 <span class="pho">ː</span>，但它的确比其它短元音**长**，算作**半长元音**。
亚洲人在读这个音的时候，经过提醒，都能做到把嘴巴张得相对更大一点，但都会不由自主地将它读成更短的版本。
概括起来，<span class="pho">æ</span> 的发音有两个要点:
> 1. 嘴张大一点
> 2. 音拉长一点
其中，第一个要点相对更为重要。你可以多试试这两个词，*apple* <span class="pho alt">ˈæpəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/apple-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/apple-us-female.mp3"></span>，*banana* <span class="pho alt">bəˈnænə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/banana-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/banana-us-female.mp3"></span>，并刻意把其中的 <span class="pho">æ</span> 拉得更长一点。
## 3.1.5.4. 儿化音 <span class="pho">er</span>
美音中 <span class="pho">e</span> 的儿化音 <span class="pho">er</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/air-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/air-us-male.mp3"></span>，相当于英音中的双元音 <span class="pho">eə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/air-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/air-uk-male.mp3"></span>，可以理解为 <span class="pho">eᵊr</span> 或者 <span class="pho">eɚ</span>…… 说的时候，请仔细体会 <span class="pho">r</span> 之前的加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>。
## 3.1.5.5. 拼写（Spellings）
### <span class="pho">e</span>
* **e**
* bed <span class="pho alt">bed</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bed-us-female.mp3"></span>
* guess <span class="pho alt">ɡes</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/guess-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/guess-us-female.mp3"></span>
* pet <span class="pho alt">pet</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pet-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pet-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **ea**
* bread <span class="pho alt">bred</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bread-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bread-us-female.mp3"></span>
* dead <span class="pho alt">ded</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dead-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dead-us-female.mp3"></span>
* lead <span class="pho alt">liːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lead-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lead-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **a**
* any <span class="pho alt">ˈen.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/any-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/any-us-female.mp3"></span>
* many <span class="pho alt">ˈmen.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/many-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/many-us-female.mp3"></span>
* says <span class="pho alt">sez</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/says-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/says-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **ai**
* again <span class="pho alt">əˈɡen</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/again-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/again-us-female.mp3"></span>
* said <span class="pho alt">sed</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/said-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/said-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **ie**
* friend <span class="pho alt">frend</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/friend-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/friend-us-female.mp3"></span>
### <span class="pho">æ</span>
* **a**
* apple <span class="pho alt">ˈæp.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/apple-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/apple-us-female.mp3"></span>
* cat <span class="pho alt">kæt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cat-us-female.mp3"></span>
* glass <span class="pho alt">ɡlæs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/glass-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/glass-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **al**
* calf <span class="pho alt">kæf</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/calf-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/calf-us-female.mp3"></span>
* half <span class="pho alt">hæf</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/half-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/half-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **au**
* laugh <span class="pho alt">læf</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/laugh-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/laugh-us-female.mp3"></span>
* draught <span class="pho alt">dræft</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/draught-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/draught-us-female.mp3"></span>
[^1]: 在国际音标（IPA）<span class="pho">e</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> 这个符号代表的元音其实更接近英语音标 <span class="pho">eɪ</span> 所标识的元音, 是舌位局中靠前，嘴唇略闭，口型不圆的一个元音（a mid-front, closed, unrounded vowel）, 而《剑桥英语发声词典》里的 <span class="pho">e</span> 相当于是国际音标里的 <span class="pho">ɛ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>。