08-18-2047, chapter 3.2
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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2-consonants.md
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# 3.2. 辅音（Consonants）
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地球上的所有语言都一样，在自然语流中，**辅音**不会单独存在。单独的**元音**，可以构成**音节**，也可以构成或者表达意义。比如，*ah* <span class="pho alt">ɑː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span>, *oh* <span class="pho alt">oʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_nose_2023feb.mp3"></span>，或者 *Uh-Oh* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌ.oʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>[^1]。但，绝大多数**辅音**必须依附于**元音**才能构成**音节**，并且，单独的辅音也不能构成意义。
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辅音可以根据发声时**声带**是否震动被分为清辅音（voiceless consonants）与浊辅音（voiced consonants）。清辅音只有气流震动，没有声带振动，而浊辅音的气流震动却伴有声带振动。比如，<span class="pho">s</span> 是清辅音，<span class="pho">z</span> 是浊辅音。
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| | 辅音（consonants） |
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| --------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| 清辅音（voiceless） | <span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">k</span>, <span class="pho">f</span>, <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">h</span>, <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">ts</span> |
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| 浊辅音（voiced） | <span class="pho">b</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">g</span>, <span class="pho">v</span>, <span class="pho">z</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span>, <span class="pho">r</span>, <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span>, <span class="pho">dz</span>, <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>, <span class="pho">ŋ</span>, <span class="pho">l</span> |
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注意：<span class="pho">w</span> 和 <span class="pho">y</span> 这两个辅音被称为**半元音** —— 无法用声带振动与否分类。
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辅音的另外一个划分，是根据口腔内**气流**振动的方式和位置。
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| 气流振动方式（Airflow） | 清浊与否（Voiced or not） | 辅音（Consonants） |
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| --------- | ------------- | ----------------------- |
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| 破擦音（Plosive） | 清辅音 | <span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">k</span> |
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| | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">b</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">g</span> |
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| 摩擦音（Fricative） | 清辅音 | <span class="pho">f</span>, <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">h</span> |
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| | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">v</span>, <span class="pho">z</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span> |
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| 塞擦音（Affricate） | 清辅音 | <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">ts</span> |
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| | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span>, <span class="pho">dz</span> |
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| 鼻音（Nasal） | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>, <span class="pho">ŋ</span> |
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| 边擦音（Lateral） | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">r</span> |
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| 半元音（Semivowel） | | <span class="pho">j</span>, <span class="pho">w</span> |
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作为初学者，**你无需尝试记忆这些分类和术语** —— 除非将来你有多余的时间精力。这些语言学的概念，并不构成任何学习障碍。你需要了解的只不过是分类的**依据**：**声带振动与否**，以及**气流振动方式和位置**。
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另外，需要注意：有 *4* 个辅音，<span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>，以及之前见过很多次的 <span class="pho">r</span>，它们被称作 “**音节辅音**”，因为它们自带 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的音色。比如，*bottle* <span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːtl</span>, *bottom* <span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːtm</span>, *button* <span class="pho alt">ˈbʌtn</span>。有些词典会用 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>，比如写成：
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*bottle* <span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːtᵊl</span>, *bottom* <span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːtᵊm</span>, *button* <span class="pho alt">ˈbʌtᵊn</span>。而《剑桥英语发声词典》的标注方式是：*bottle* <span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːt̬əl</span>, *bottom* <span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːt̬əm</span>, *button* <span class="pho alt">ˈbʌtən</span>……
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对所有人都很重要且都能搞懂的，是我们需要重申一遍的东西 —— 辅音发声的时候，舌尖起始位置非常重要。以下 4 个位置，我们会反复提及：
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| Positions of tongue tip | Consonants |
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| :---------------------: | :---------------------------------------------- |
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| ① | <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span> |
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| ② | <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">z</span> |
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| ③ | <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span>, <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span> |
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| ④ | <span class="pho">r</span> |
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[^1]: *Uh-Oh* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌ.oʊ</span> 实际上有个隐藏的辅音，喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>，完整的音标应该是 <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔ.oʊ</span>……
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