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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.13-mnŋ.md

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+# 3.2.13. `m`, `n`, `ŋ`
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+`m` 和 `n` 处于音节开头时，没有人会觉得困难。尤其是 `m`…… 因为它也许是人类学会说的第一个辅音；于此同时，`ɑ` 永远是人类学会的第一个元音，所以大家都用 `mɑ` 称呼自己的母亲。
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+When `m` and `n` are at the beginning of a syllable, no one finds it challenging. Especially `m`, since it might be the first consonant humans learn to utter. At the same time, `ɑ` is always the first vowel humans learn, which is why `mɑ` is a universal sound for *mother*.
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+`ŋ` 处于其它元音之后对所有人来说也同样不构成困难，因为英文中最常用的不过是 `ɪŋ`  而已……
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+Similarly, everyone finds it easy to pronounce `ŋ` after other vowels. This isn't surprising, given that `ɪŋ` is the most commonly used sounds in English.
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+麻烦在于 `m` 处于音节末尾的时候。很多人会不由自主地额外加上一个 `ʊ` 的音，这是一个嘴唇的多余动作产生的结果。比如，把 *room* `/ruːm/` 读成 `/ruːmʊ/`。
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+The tricky part comes when `m` is at the end of a syllable. A lot of people have an involuntary habit of adding an extra `ʊ` sound, which results from an unnecessary lips' movement. For instance, they might pronounce *room* as `/ruːmʊ/`, instead of `/ruːm/`.
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+当 `m/n` 处于 `f/v` 之前的时候，发音都会发生变化 —— 这是因为 `f/v` 的发声动作，需要上牙与下唇接触。
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+When `m/n` precedes `f/v`, their pronunciation changes - this is because the vocalization of `f/v` requires the upper teeth to touch the lower lip.
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+> * `m + f/v` = `n + f/v`, *comfort* `/ˈkəmfərt/` → `/ˈkənfərt/`
+> * `n + f/v` = `ŋ + f/v`, *conversation* `/ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən/` → `/ˌkɑŋvərˈseɪʃən/`
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+另外，当 `æ` 在 `m` 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 `ə` 进去，比如，Sam `/sæm/`，会被他们读成 `/sæəm/`。
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+Additionally, when the vowel sound `æ` comes before `m`, some native speakers add an extra `ə` sound. For example, *Sam* `/sæm/` can sometimes be pronounced as `/sæəm/`.