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xiaolai
@@ -10,32 +10,32 @@ Modern English is composed of *26* letters, each with both *uppercase* and *lowe
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| Letter | Pronunciation | NATO Phonetic Alphabet |
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| --------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| **A** *a* | `/eɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/a-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/a-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Alpha* `/ˈæl·fə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guy·mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **B** *b* | `/biː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/b-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/b-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Bravo* `/ˈbrɑː·voʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Bravo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Bravo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **C** *c* | `/siː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/c-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/c-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Charlie* `/ˈtʃɑːr·liː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Charlie-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Charlie-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **D** *d* | `/diː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/d-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/d-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Delta* `/ˈdel·tə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Delta-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Delta-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **E** *e* | `/iː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/e-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/e-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Echo* `/ˈek·oʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Echo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Echo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **F** *f* | `/ef/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/f-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/f-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Foxtrot* `/ˈfɔːks·trɒt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Foxtrot-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Foxtrot-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **A** *a* | `/eɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/a-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/a-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Alpha* `/ˈælfə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guymp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **B** *b* | `/biː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/b-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/b-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Bravo* `/ˈbrɑːvoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Bravo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Bravo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **C** *c* | `/siː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/c-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/c-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Charlie* `/ˈtʃɑːrliː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Charlie-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Charlie-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **D** *d* | `/diː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/d-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/d-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Delta* `/ˈdeltə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Delta-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Delta-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **E** *e* | `/iː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/e-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/e-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Echo* `/ˈekoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Echo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Echo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **F** *f* | `/ef/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/f-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/f-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Foxtrot* `/ˈfɔːkstrɒt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Foxtrot-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Foxtrot-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **G** *g* | `/dʒiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/g-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/g-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Golf* `/ɡɑːf/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Golf-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Golf-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **H** *h* | `/eɪtʃ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/h-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/h-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Hotel* `/hoʊˈtel/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Hotel-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Hotel-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **I** *i* | `/aɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/i-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/i-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *India* `/ˈɪn·di·ə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/India-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/India-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **I** *i* | `/aɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/i-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/i-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *India* `/ˈɪndiə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/India-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/India-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **J** *j* | `/dʒeɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/j-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/j-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Juliet* `/ˈdʒuːliːˌet/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Juliet-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Juliet-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **K** *k* | `/keɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/k-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/k-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Kilo* `/ˈkiː·loʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Kilo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Kilo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **L** *l* | `/el/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/l-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/l-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Lima* `/ˈliː·mə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Lima-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Lima-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **K** *k* | `/keɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/k-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/k-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Kilo* `/ˈkiːloʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Kilo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Kilo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **L** *l* | `/el/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/l-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/l-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Lima* `/ˈliːmə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Lima-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Lima-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **M** *m* | `/em/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/m-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/m-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Mike* `/maɪk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Mike-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Mike-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **N** *n* | `/en/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/n-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/n-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *November* `/noʊˈvem·bər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/November-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/November-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **O** *o* | `/oʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/o-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/o-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Oscar* `/ˈɑːs·kɑːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Oscar-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Oscar-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **N** *n* | `/en/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/n-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/n-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *November* `/noʊˈvembər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/November-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/November-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **O** *o* | `/oʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/o-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/o-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Oscar* `/ˈɑːskɑːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Oscar-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Oscar-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **P** *p* | `/piː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/p-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/p-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Papa* `/pəˈpɑː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Papa-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Papa-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **Q** *q* | `/kjuː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/q-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/q-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Quebec* `/kəˈbek/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Quebec-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Quebec-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **R** *r* | `/ɑːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/r-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/r-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Romeo* `/ˈroʊ·miːˌoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Romeo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Romeo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **S** *s* | `/es/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/s-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/s-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Sierra* `/siˈer·ə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Sierra-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Sierra-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **T** *t* | `/tiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/t-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/t-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Tango* `/ˈtæŋ·ɡoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Tango-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Tango-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **U** *u* | `/juː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/u-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/u-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Uniform* `/ˈjuː·nɪ·fɔːrm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Uniform-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uniform-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **V** *v* | `/viː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/v-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/v-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Victor* `/ˈvɪk·tər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Victor-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Victor-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **W** *w* | `/ˈdʌb·ᵊl·juː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/w-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/w-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Whiskey* `/ˈwɪs·kiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Whiskey-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Whiskey-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **X** *x* | `/eks/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/x-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/x-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *X-ray* `/ˈeks·reɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/X-ray-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/X-ray-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **Y** *y* | `/waɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/y-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/y-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Yankee* `/ˈjæŋ·kiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Yankee-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Yankee-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **Z** *z* | `/ziː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/z-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/z-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Zulu* `/ˈzuː·luː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Zulu-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Zulu-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **R** *r* | `/ɑːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/r-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/r-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Romeo* `/ˈroʊmiːˌoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Romeo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Romeo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **S** *s* | `/es/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/s-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/s-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Sierra* `/siˈerə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Sierra-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Sierra-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **T** *t* | `/tiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/t-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/t-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Tango* `/ˈtæŋɡoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Tango-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Tango-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **U** *u* | `/juː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/u-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/u-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Uniform* `/ˈjuːnɪfɔːrm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Uniform-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uniform-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **V** *v* | `/viː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/v-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/v-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Victor* `/ˈvɪktər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Victor-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Victor-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **W** *w* | `/ˈdʌbᵊljuː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/w-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/w-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Whiskey* `/ˈwɪskiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Whiskey-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Whiskey-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **X** *x* | `/eks/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/x-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/x-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *X-ray* `/ˈeksreɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/X-ray-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/X-ray-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **Y** *y* | `/waɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/y-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/y-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Yankee* `/ˈjæŋkiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Yankee-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Yankee-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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| **Z** *z* | `/ziː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/z-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/z-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Zulu* `/ˈzuːluː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Zulu-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Zulu-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
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在英式英语中，*z* 被读作 `/zed/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/zed-uk.mp3"></span>。
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@@ -25,18 +25,18 @@ Here, we use the phonetic notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncin
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| Vowels | Examples |
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| ------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| `ʌ` | c**u**p `/kʌp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cup-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cup-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ɑː` | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/father-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/father-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ɑː` | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑːðɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/father-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/father-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `e` | h**ea**d `/hed/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/head-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/head-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `æ` | h**a**t `/hæt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hat-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ə` | **a**bove `/əˈbʌv/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/above-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/above-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ɚ` | moth**er** `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mother-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mother-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ɚ` | moth**er** `/ˈmʌðɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mother-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mother-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ɝː` | b**ir**d `/bɝːd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/bird-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/bird-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ɪ` | sh**i**p `/ʃɪp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ship-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `i` | happ**y** `/ˈhæp·i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/happy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/happy-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `i` | happ**y** `/ˈhæpi/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/happy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/happy-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `iː` | sh**ee**p `/ʃiːp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sheep-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sheep-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ɔː` | h**or**se `/hɔːrs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/horse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/horse-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ʊ` | f**oo**t `/fʊt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/foot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/foot-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `u` | sit**u**ation `/ˌsɪtʃ·uˈeɪ·ʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/situation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/situation-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `u` | sit**u**ation `/ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/situation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/situation-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `uː` | bl**ue** `/bluː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/blue-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/blue-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `eɪ` | d**ay** `/deɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `aɪ` | **eye** `/aɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/eye-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/eye-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
@@ -56,18 +56,18 @@ Here, we use the phonetic notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncin
|
||||
| `p` | **p**en `/pen/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pen-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pen-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `b` | **b**ook `/bʊk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/book-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/book-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `t` | **t**own `/taʊn/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/town-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/town-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `t̬` | cu**tt**ing `/ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cutting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cutting-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `t̬` | cu**tt**ing `/ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cutting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cutting-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `d` | **d**ay `/deɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `k` | **c**at `/kæt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cat-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `g` | **g**ive `/ɡɪv/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/give-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/give-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `f` | **f**ish `/fɪʃ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fish-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fish-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `v` | **v**ery `/ˈver·i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/very-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/very-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `v` | **v**ery `/ˈveri/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/very-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/very-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `s` | **s**ay `/seɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/say-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/say-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `z` | **z**oo `/zuː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/zoo-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/zoo-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `θ` | **th**ink `/θɪŋk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/think-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ð` | **th**is `/ðɪs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/this-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/this-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ʃ` | **sh**e `/ʃiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/she-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/she-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ʒ` | vi**si**on `/ˈvɪʒ·ən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ʒ` | vi**si**on `/ˈvɪʒən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `h` | **h**and `/hænd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hand-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `tʃ` | **ch**eese `/tʃiːz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cheese-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cheese-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `dʒ` | **j**ump `/dʒʌmp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/jump-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/jump-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
@@ -90,13 +90,11 @@ Here, we use the phonetic notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncin
|
||||
| `ɒ̃` | croiss**ant** <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/croissant-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/croissant-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `x` | lo**ch** <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/loch-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/loch-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
|
||||
## 1.2.4. 其它符号（Other symbols）
|
||||
## 1.2.4. 重音符号（Stress symbols）
|
||||
|
||||
| Symbols | Functions | Examples |
|
||||
| ------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
|
||||
| **ˈ** | primary stress | **vi**sion `/ˈvɪʒ·ən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **ˌ** | secondary stress | **con**troversial `/ˌkɑːn·trəˈvɝː·ʃəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/controversial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/controversial-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **·** | syllable division[^2] | **fa**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/father-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/father-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **ˈ** | primary stress | **vi**sion `/ˈvɪʒən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **ˌ** | secondary stress | **con**troversial `/ˌkɑːntrəˈvɝːʃəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/controversial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/controversial-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: A Github [repo](https://github.com/zelic91/camdict) offers a *JSON* format database of CEPD.
|
||||
[^2]: For better html rendering, a *middle dot* is used, rather than the *lower dot* used by CEPD official documents.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ In terms of mouth shape, the vowel sound `ʌ` requires the lips to be the most c
|
||||
|
||||
The American pronunciation of `ʌ` is actually quite similar to `ə`. For instance, the word *but*, pronounced `/bʌt/`, often sounds more like `/bət/`.
|
||||
|
||||
美国人还会再进一步，会把很多非重读音节内的元音简化为 `ə` —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 `/ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>，但，美国人却将其被读成 `/ɪnˈkɝː·ədʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>—— 不仅要将 `ʌ` 读成 `ɝː`（长元音），还要将 `ɪ` 变成 *schwa*, `ə`……
|
||||
美国人还会再进一步，会把很多非重读音节内的元音简化为 `ə` —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 `/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>，但，美国人却将其被读成 `/ɪnˈkɝːədʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>—— 不仅要将 `ʌ` 读成 `ɝː`（长元音），还要将 `ɪ` 变成 *schwa*, `ə`……
|
||||
|
||||
They even go a step further, simplifying many unstressed vowel sounds to `ə`, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say `/ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while Americans pronounce it as `/ɪnˈkɝː·ədʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>. In this case, not only is `ʌ` pronounced as `ə`, but the `ɪ` also turns into a *schwa*, `ə`...
|
||||
They even go a step further, simplifying many unstressed vowel sounds to `ə`, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say `/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while Americans pronounce it as `/ɪnˈkɝːədʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>. In this case, not only is `ʌ` pronounced as `ə`, but the `ɪ` also turns into a *schwa*, `ə`...
|
||||
|
||||
在美式英语中，长元音 `/ɑː/` 常常会被儿化 —— 加上一个卷舌音 `r`，所以很多美式词典干脆用 `ɑr` 标注（包括 CEPD）。比如，*card* `/kɑrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, *mark* `/mɑrk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -24,6 +24,6 @@ There are two key points to pronouncing `æ`:
|
||||
> 1. Stretch the sound a little longer
|
||||
> 2. Open your mouth wider
|
||||
|
||||
其中，第一个要点相对更为重要。你可以多试试这两个词，*apple* `/ˈæp·əl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/apple-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/apple-us-female.mp3"></span>，*banana* `/bəˈnæn·ə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/banana-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/banana-us-female.mp3"></span>，并刻意把其中的 `æ` 拉得更长一点。
|
||||
其中，第一个要点相对更为重要。你可以多试试这两个词，*apple* `/ˈæpəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/apple-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/apple-us-female.mp3"></span>，*banana* `/bəˈnænə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/banana-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/banana-us-female.mp3"></span>，并刻意把其中的 `æ` 拉得更长一点。
|
||||
|
||||
The first point is relatively more important. Try saying these two words: *apple* `/ˈæp·əl/` and *banana* `/bəˈnæn·ə/`, and try intentionally stretching the `æ` a little longer.
|
||||
The first point is relatively more important. Try saying these two words: *apple* `/ˈæpəl/` and *banana* `/bəˈnænə/`, and try intentionally stretching the `æ` a little longer.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
|
||||
|
||||
In American English, there are three versions of the sound `ə`, including the schwa `ə`, which is used in unstressed syllables, the rhotacized short vowel `ɚ`, and the rhotacized long vowel `ɝː`.
|
||||
|
||||
初学者容易矫枉过正，遇到所有的 `ə` 都要读成儿化音…… 比如，可能会把 *focus* 错读成 `/ˈfoʊ·kɚs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
初学者容易矫枉过正，遇到所有的 `ə` 都要读成儿化音…… 比如，可能会把 *focus* 错读成 `/ˈfoʊkɚs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
Beginners tend to overdo it and add a `r` whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing *focus* as `/ˈfoʊ·kɚs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
Beginners tend to overdo it and add a `r` whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing *focus* as `/ˈfoʊkɚs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
`ɚ` 和 `ɝː` 这两个儿化音，有两种发声方式，一种是凭直觉卷起舌尖，这也是绝大多数初学者发这个音的唯一选择。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -26,6 +26,6 @@ Moreover, when pronouncing the consonants `ʃ/ʒ` ([2.2.8](2.2.8-ʃʒ)) and `tʃ
|
||||
|
||||
It should be noted, in American English pronunciation, the tongue tip *never* touches the teeth or the *alveolar ridge* when making the rhotacized `ɚ` or `ɝː` sound.
|
||||
|
||||
注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 `ə`（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 `ɪ`。比如，*individual*, `/ˌɪn·dəˈvɪdʒ·u·əl/`，实际上会被读作 `ˌɪn·dəˈvɪdʒ·ə·wəl`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> —— `u` 也变成了 `ə`，而后 `u` 和 `ə` 之间有个加音 `w`…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
|
||||
注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 `ə`（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 `ɪ`。比如，*individual*, `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`，实际上会被读作 `ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> —— `u` 也变成了 `ə`，而后 `u` 和 `ə` 之间有个加音 `w`…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
|
||||
|
||||
Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to `ə` (*schwa*), especially `ɪ`. For instance, *individual* `/ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl/`, is often actually pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> - `u` also becomes `ə`, and there's a added `w` sound between `u` and `ə`… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
# 2.2. 辅音（Consonants）
|
||||
|
||||
地球上的所有语言都一样，在自然语流中，**辅音**不会单独存在。单独的**元音**，可以构成**音节**，也可以构成或者表达意义。比如，*ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`，或者 *Uh-Oh* `/ˈʌ·oʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>。但，绝大多数**辅音**必须依附于**元音**才能构成**音节**，并且，单独的辅音也不能构成意义。
|
||||
地球上的所有语言都一样，在自然语流中，**辅音**不会单独存在。单独的**元音**，可以构成**音节**，也可以构成或者表达意义。比如，*ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`，或者 *Uh-Oh* `/ˈʌoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>。但，绝大多数**辅音**必须依附于**元音**才能构成**音节**，并且，单独的辅音也不能构成意义。
|
||||
|
||||
All languages on Earth follow a similar pattern: in the flow of natural speech, consonants *never* stand alone. Isolated vowels, however, can form syllables and convey meaning. For instance, you have sounds like *ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`, or *O'Oh* `/ˈɑ·oʊ/`. But consonants almost always need to be attached to vowels to form *syllables*, and alone, they don't carry meaning.
|
||||
All languages on Earth follow a similar pattern: in the flow of natural speech, consonants *never* stand alone. Isolated vowels, however, can form syllables and convey meaning. For instance, you have sounds like *ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`, or *O'Oh* `/ˈɑoʊ/`. But consonants almost always need to be attached to vowels to form *syllables*, and alone, they don't carry meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.11. `tr/dr`
|
||||
|
||||
`tr/dr` 和 `tʃ/dʒ` 不一样的地方在于，虽然发声时起始的舌尖位置相同，但，`tr, dr` 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 `w`，*tree* `/triː`/ 听起来是 `/tʃwiː/`，*dry* `/draɪ/` 听起来是 `/dʒwaɪ/`。
|
||||
`tr/dr` 和 `tʃ/dʒ` 不一样的地方在于，虽然发声时起始的舌尖位置相同，但，`tr, dr` 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 `w`，*tree* `/triː`/ 听起来是 `/tʃwiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tree-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/tree-uk.mp3"></span>，*dry* `/draɪ/` 听起来是 `/dʒwaɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dry-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/dry-uk.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
The difference between the sounds `tr, dr` and `tʃ, dʒ` lies in the way they are pronounced. Although the initial tongue position is the same for both sets of sounds, with `tr, dr`, there's a slight rounding of the lips before voicing. As a result, the starting syllables often sound as if there's a `w` blended in. So, the word *tree* `/triː/` can sound like `/tʃwiː/`, and *dry* `/draɪ/` can sound like `/dʒwaɪ/`
|
||||
The difference between the sounds `tr, dr` and `tʃ, dʒ` lies in the way they are pronounced. Although the initial tongue position is the same for both sets of sounds, with `tr, dr`, there's a slight rounding of the lips before voicing. As a result, the starting syllables often sound as if there's a `w` blended in. So, the word *tree* `/triː/` can sound like `/tʃwiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tree-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/tree-uk.mp3"></span>, and *dry* `/draɪ/` can sound like `/dʒwaɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dry-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/dry-uk.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
很多地区的人基于自身母语的习惯，会把 `tr` 和 `dr` 分开着连续读出的。比如，*tree*，印度人可能会把它读成 `/tɤ.riː/`，其中的 `r` 还会用齿龈颤音；再比如，*driver*，可能会被俄罗斯人读成 `/dɤ.raɪvə/` ，其中的 `r` 同样会用齿龈颤音。
|
||||
很多地区的人基于自身母语的习惯，会把 `tr` 和 `dr` 分开着连续读出的。比如，*tree*，印度人可能会把它读成 `/tɤ.riː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/tree-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 `t` 干脆读成 `d`，并且 `r` 还会用齿龈颤音；再比如，*driver*，可能会被俄罗斯人读成 `/dɤ.raɪvə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/driver-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 `r` 同样会用齿龈颤音。
|
||||
|
||||
People from many regions, guided by the habits of their native languages, may pronounce `tr` and `dr` as separate, continuous sounds. For instance, someone from India might pronounce *tree* as `/tɤ.riː/`, with the `r` articulated as a [*voiced alveolar trill*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills). Similarly, the word *driver* might be pronounced as `/dɤ.raɪvə/` by a Russian speaker, again using a voiced alveolar trill for the `r`.
|
||||
People from many regions, guided by the habits of their native languages, may pronounce `tr` and `dr` as separate, continuous sounds. For instance, someone from India might pronounce *tree* as `/tɤ.riː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/tree-ru-ru.mp3"></span>, with the `t` articulated as `d`, and the `r` as a [*voiced alveolar trill*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills). Similarly, the word *driver* might be pronounced as `/dɤ.raɪvə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/driver-ru-ru.mp3"></span> by a Russian speaker, again using a voiced alveolar trill for the `r`.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -6,6 +6,6 @@ The difference between `ts/dz` and `s/z` lies in the initial tongue position dur
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
可以用 *students* `/ˈstudənts/` 这个词反复体会 `s`、`d`、`ts` 的舌尖位置（注意，开头的 `st` 会被读成 `sd`）……
|
||||
可以用 *students* `/ˈstudənts/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/students-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词反复体会 `s`、`d`、`ts` 的舌尖位置（注意，开头的 `st` 会被读成 `sd`）……
|
||||
|
||||
The word *students* `/ˈstudənts/` can be repeatedly pronounced to understand the tongue positions for `s`, `d`, and `ts` (note that the initial `st` is pronounced like `sd`).
|
||||
The word *students* `/ˈstudənts/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/students-us-female.mp3"></span> can be repeatedly pronounced to understand the tongue positions for `s`, `d`, and `ts` (note that the initial `st` is pronounced like `sd`).
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ The tricky part comes when `m` is at the end of a syllable. A lot of people have
|
||||
|
||||
When `m/n` precedes `f/v`, their pronunciation changes - this is because the vocalization of `f/v` requires the upper teeth to touch the lower lip.
|
||||
|
||||
> * `m + f/v` = `n + f/v`, *comfort* `/ˈkəmfərt/` → `/ˈkənfərt/`
|
||||
> * `n + f/v` = `ŋ + f/v`, *conversation* `/ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən/` → `/ˌkɑŋvərˈseɪʃən/`
|
||||
> * `m + f/v` = `n + f/v`, *comfort* `/ˈkəmfərt/` → `/ˈkənfərt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `n + f/v` = `ŋ + f/v`, *conversation* `/ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən/` → `/ˌkɑŋvərˈseɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conversation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/conversation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
另外，当 `æ` 在 `m` 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 `ə` 进去，比如，Sam `/sæm/`，会被他们读成 `/sæəm/`。
|
||||
另外，当 `æ` 在 `m` 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 `ə` 进去，比如，Sam `/sæm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sam-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sam-us-female.mp3"></span>，会被他们读成 `/sæəm/`。
|
||||
|
||||
Additionally, when the vowel sound `æ` comes before `m`, some native speakers add an extra `ə` sound. For example, *Sam* `/sæm/` can sometimes be pronounced as `/sæəm/`.
|
||||
Additionally, when the vowel sound `æ` comes before `m`, some native speakers add an extra `ə` sound. For example, *Sam* `/sæm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sam-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sam-us-female.mp3"></span> can sometimes be pronounced as `/sæəm/`.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.14. `l`, `r`
|
||||
|
||||
`l` 发声时起始的舌尖位置与 `t/d` 相同。
|
||||
`l` 发声时起始的舌尖位置与 `t/d` 相同 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
|
||||
|
||||
When pronouncing the 'l' sound, the tip of the tongue starts in the same position as it does for 't/d'.
|
||||
When pronouncing the 'l' sound, the tip of the tongue starts in the same position as it does for 't/d', i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
`r` 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对更加靠后。
|
||||
`r` 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对更加靠后 —— 即，位置 ④（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）
|
||||
|
||||
For the 'r' sound, the tongue's tip begins a bit further back, i.e. position ④ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
For the 'r' sound, the tongue's tip begins a bit further back.
|
||||
`l` 和 `r` 处于音节开头的时候，人们一般不会觉得困难，比如 *lot* `/lɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/lot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/lot-us-female.mp3"></span> 或者 *rot* `/rɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/rot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rot-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
`l` 和 `r` 处于音节开头的时候，人们一般不会觉得困难，比如 *lot* 或者 *rot*……
|
||||
|
||||
Pronouncing 'l' and 'r' at the beginning of syllables usually is of no difficulty at all, for example in words like 'lot' or 'rot'…
|
||||
Pronouncing `l` and `r` at the beginning of syllables usually is of no difficulty at all, for example in words like *lot*' `/lɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/lot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/lot-us-female.mp3"></span> or *rot* `/rɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/rot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rot-us-female.mp3"></span>…
|
||||
|
||||
`l` 的困难总是来自于它们处在音节末尾的时候。
|
||||
|
||||
The difficulty with 'l' often arises when it's at the end of a syllable.
|
||||
The difficulty with `l` often arises when it's at the end of a syllable.
|
||||
|
||||
不妨尝试着先读一下 *milk* `/mɪlk/`…… 很多人读出来的实际上是 `/mjʊk/`……
|
||||
不妨尝试着先读一下 *milk* `/mɪlk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/milk-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/milk-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 很多人读出来的实际上是 `/mjʊk/`……
|
||||
|
||||
Feel free to give the word *milk* `/mɪlk/` a try... Many people actually pronounce it more like `/mjʊk/`...
|
||||
Feel free to give the word *milk* `/mɪlk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/milk-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/students-us-female.mp3"></span> a try... Many people actually pronounce it more like `/mjʊk/`...
|
||||
|
||||
`l` 在音节末尾的时候，有一个看不到的动作，舌尖会向前向上移动直至贴到龈脊。于是，音节末尾的 `l` 会掺杂着一个轻微的 `ə` 的元音音色。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -41,24 +41,24 @@ Actually, it's not too challenging. With just a few minutes, it can be easily co
|
||||
> * 现在反复说 `mɪəlk... mɪəlk...` 现在需要格外注意：为了 `m` 发声所以需要张开嘴唇，但，**此后嘴唇没有其他动作，否则会带着 `ʊ` 的音色**……
|
||||
> * Now, keep saying `mɪəlk... mɪəlk...`. Again, pay special attention here: lips are opened to make the `m` sound, but after that, there should be no other lip movement, thus avoiding unnecessary `ʊ` sound.
|
||||
|
||||
再用同样的方式练练 *girl* `/gəːl/`（常常会被误读成 `/gəʊ/`）, *world* `/wəːld/`（常常会被误读成 `/wəʊd/`）。
|
||||
再用同样的方式练练 *girl* `/ɡɝːl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/girl-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/girl-us-female.mp3"></span>（常常会被误读成 `/gəʊ/`）, *world* `/wɝːld/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/world-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/world-us-female.mp3"></span>（常常会被误读成 `/wəʊd/`）。
|
||||
|
||||
Practice pronouncing *girl* `/gəːl/` (often mispronounced as `/gəʊl/`) and *world* (often mispronounced as `/wəʊd/`) the same way.
|
||||
Practice pronouncing *girl* `/ɡɝːl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/girl-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/girl-us-female.mp3"></span> (often mispronounced as `/gəʊl/`) and *world* `/wɝːld/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/world-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/world-us-female.mp3"></span> (often mispronounced as `/wəʊd/`) the same way.
|
||||
|
||||
以 `l` 处于音节末尾的常用词汇很多，读得时候要注意，要加上 `ə`，比如：
|
||||
|
||||
There are many common words where `l` ends the syllable. Be sure to include the `ə` sound when pronouncing them. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
> *fail*, *file*, *sell*, *sale*, *tell*, *tale*, *trail*, *drill*...
|
||||
> *fail* `/feɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fail-us-female.mp3"></span>, *file* `/faɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/file-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/file-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sell* `/sel/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sale* `/seɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sale-us-female.mp3"></span>, *tell* `/tel/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/tell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *tale* `/teɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/tale-us-female.mp3"></span>, *trail* `/treɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/trail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/trail-us-female.mp3"></span>, *drill* `/drɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/drill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/drill-us-female.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
|
||||
注意，`/ʌl/` 没有 `ə` 的加音，因为 `ʌ` 和 `ə` 原本就非常相近。比如，*ultimate* `/ˈʌltɪmət/`，或者 *result* `/rɪˈzəlt/`。另外，在自然语音中，`/iːl/` 要注意。比如， reveal 的确读做 `/rɪˈviːəl/`，有加音 `ə`，但，revealing，读作 `/rɪˈviːlɪŋ/`，没有加音 `ə`，可能是因为 `l` 被挪到后面和 `ɪŋ` 构成了第三个音节 `/lɪŋ/`……
|
||||
注意，`/ʌl/` 没有 `ə` 的加音，因为 `ʌ` 和 `ə` 原本就非常相近。比如，*ultimate* `/ˈʌltɪmət/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>，或者 *result* `/rɪˈzəlt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/result-us-female.mp3"></span>。另外，在自然语音中，`/iːl/` 要注意。比如， *reveal* 的确读做 `/rɪˈviːəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>，有加音 `ə`，但，*revealing*，读作 `/rɪˈviːlɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>，没有加音 `ə`，可能是因为 `l` 被挪到后面和 `ɪŋ` 构成了第三个音节 `/lɪŋ/`……
|
||||
|
||||
Note that `/ʌl/` doesn't have the schwa (`ə`) sound added, since `/ʌ/` and `ə` are already very similar. For instance, *ultimate* `/ˈəltəmət/`, or *result* `/rɪˈzəlt/`. Also, pay attention to `/iːl/` in natural speech. For example, while *reveal* is indeed pronounced as `/rɪˈviːəl/`, with the schwa sound, *revealing* is pronounced as `/rɪˈviːlɪŋ/`, without the schwa. This change might be due to the fact that the `l` sound has been moved to form a third syllable with `ɪŋ` as `/lɪŋ/`.
|
||||
Note that `/ʌl/` doesn't have the schwa (`ə`) sound added, since `/ʌ/` and `ə` are already very similar. For instance, *ultimate* `/ˈəltəmət/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *result* `/rɪˈzəlt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/result-us-female.mp3"></span>. Also, pay attention to `/iːl/` in natural speech. For example, while *reveal* is indeed pronounced as `/rɪˈviːəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>, with the schwa sound, *revealing* is pronounced as `/rɪˈviːlɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>, without the schwa. This change might be due to the fact that the `l` sound has been moved to form a third syllable with `ɪŋ` as `/lɪŋ/`.
|
||||
|
||||
`l` 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 `ə` 的音色。比如，*little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/` —— `l` 下面多出的那一个点 `l̩` 的意思是说，这里的 `l̩` 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 `/ᵊl/`…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 `/ˈlɪtᵊl/` 或者 `/ˈlɪtəl/`
|
||||
`l` 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 `ə` 的音色。比如，*little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/little-us-female.mp3"></span> —— `l` 下面多出的那一个点 `l̩` 的意思是说，这里的 `l̩` 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 `/ᵊl/`…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 `/ˈlɪtᵊl/` 或者 `/ˈlɪtəl/`。CEPD 里标注的是 `/ˈlɪt̬əl/`，因为 `t` 夹在两个元音之间，变成了弹舌音 `t̬`。
|
||||
|
||||
In linguistics, the letter `l` has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound `ə` naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/`, the dot under the `l` (`l̩`) indicates that this `l` is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to `/ᵊl/`. And many dictionaries simply denote it as `/ˈlɪtəl/`.
|
||||
In linguistics, the letter `l` has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound `ə` naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/little-us-female.mp3"></span>, the dot under the `l` (`l̩`) indicates that this `l` is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to `/ᵊl/`. And many dictionaries simply denote it as `/ˈlɪtəl/`. The pronunciation indicated in the CEPD is `/ˈlɪt̬əl/`, for the `t` is sandwiched between two vowels, which in this case becomes a flapped `t̬`.
|
||||
|
||||
英文中另外一个**音节辅**音是 `m`。例如，*chasm* `/ˈkæzm̩/`，相当于 `/ˈkæzəm/`, *prism* `/ˈprɪzm̩/`，相当于 `/ˈprɪzəm/`。
|
||||
英文中另外一个**音节辅**音是 `m`。例如，*chasm* `/ˈkæzm̩/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 `/ˈkæzəm/`, *prism* `/ˈprɪzm̩/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 `/ˈprɪzəm/`。
|
||||
|
||||
Another *syllabic consonant* in English is `m`. For example, *chasm* `/ˈkæzm̩/`，equivalent to `/ˈkæzəm/`, and *prism* `/ˈprɪzm̩/`，equivalent to `/ˈprɪzəm/`.
|
||||
Another *syllabic consonant* in English is `m`. For example, *chasm* `/ˈkæzm̩/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，equivalent to `/ˈkæzəm/`, and *prism* `/ˈprɪzm̩/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，equivalent to `/ˈprɪzəm/`.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@
|
||||
|
||||
The sounds represented by `j` and `w` are semivowels in English.
|
||||
|
||||
`j` 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 `ɪ`，比如 *you* `/juː/`，读音上相当于是 `/iuː/`。
|
||||
`j` 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 `ɪ`，比如 *you* `/juː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/you-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 `/iuː/`。
|
||||
|
||||
When `j` is connected to the following vowel, it is as if an `ɪ` sound is added in front of that vowel. For instance, the word *you* `/juː/`, pronounced the same as `/ɪuː/`.
|
||||
When `j` is connected to the following vowel, it is as if an `ɪ` sound is added in front of that vowel. For instance, the word *you* `/juː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/you-us-female.mp3"></span>, pronounced the same as `/ɪuː/`.
|
||||
|
||||
`w` 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 `ʊ`，比如 *way* `juː`，读音上相当于是 `ʊeɪ`。
|
||||
`w` 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 `ʊ`，比如 *way* `weɪ`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/way-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/way-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 `ʊeɪ`。
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, when `w` is paired with a vowel, it's as if a `ʊ` sound precedes that vowel. Take the word *way* `/weɪ/`, pronounced the same as `/ʊeɪ/`.
|
||||
Similarly, when `w` is paired with a vowel, it's as if a `ʊ` sound precedes that vowel. Take the word *way* `/weɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/way-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/way-us-female.mp3"></span>, pronounced the same as `/ʊeɪ/`.
|
||||
|
||||
`w` 可以和另外的辅音结合作为音节开头：`sw`、`tw`、`dw`、`kw`、`skw`、`gw`…… 这其中最容易出错也最常的是 `kw`，尤其是 `kwɒ` 和 `kwɔː`，比如，*quart* `/kwɔːt/`，常常会被误读为 `/kɔːt/`（听起来和 *court* 同音）；再比如，*quality* `/ˈkwɔːlɪti/`常常会被误读为 `/ˈkɔːlɪti/` —— 关键在于，`k` 的音之后有一个发出 `ʊ` 的嘴唇动作，否则 `kw` 就变成了 `k` —— 这个差异在母语使用者听起来异常地明显。
|
||||
`w` 可以和另外的辅音结合作为音节开头：`sw`、`tw`、`dw`、`kw`、`skw`、`gw`…… 这其中最容易出错也最常的是 `kw`，尤其是 `kwɒ` 和 `kwɔː`，比如，*quart* `/kwɔːrt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/quart-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/quart-us-female.mp3"></span>，常常会被误读为 `/kɔːrt/`（听起来和 *court* `/kɔːrt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/court-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/court-us-female.mp3"></span> 同音）；再比如，*quality* `/ˈkwɔːlɪti/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/quality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/quality-us-female.mp3"></span> 常常会被误读为 `/ˈkɔːlɪti/` —— 关键在于，`k` 的音之后有一个发出 `ʊ` 的嘴唇动作，否则 `kw` 就变成了 `k` —— 这个差异在母语使用者听起来异常地明显。
|
||||
|
||||
The letter `w` can combine with other consonants to form the beginning of a syllable, such as `sw`, `tw`, `dw`, `kw`, `skw`, `gw`… The most common and often mispronounced combination is `kw`, specifically `kwɒ` and `kwɔː`. For example, the word *quart* is pronounced `/kwɔːt/`, but it is often misconstrued as `/kɔːt/`, which sounds like *court*, or *quality* `/ˈkwɔːlɪti/` as `/ˈkɔːlɪti/`. The key to getting this right is to make a lip movement for the `ʊ` sound after the `k` sound; otherwise, `kw` just becomes `k`. This distinction is incredibly noticeable to native speakers.
|
||||
The letter `w` can combine with other consonants to form the beginning of a syllable, such as `sw`, `tw`, `dw`, `kw`, `skw`, `gw`… The most common and often mispronounced combination is `kw`, specifically `kwɒ` and `kwɔː`. For example, the word *quart* is pronounced `/kwɔːrt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/quart-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/quart-us-female.mp3"></span>, but it is often misconstrued as `/kɔːrt/`, which sounds like *court* `/kɔːrt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/court-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/court-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *quality* `/ˈkwɔːlɪti/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/quality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/quality-us-female.mp3"></span> as `/ˈkɔːlɪti/`. The key to getting this right is to make a lip movement for the `ʊ` sound after the `k` sound; otherwise, `kw` just becomes `k`. This distinction is incredibly noticeable to native speakers.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 `t/d` 的发声关键在于起始的舌尖位置 —— 顶在**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）上，而不是贴在牙齿上 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
|
||||
|
||||
While every language has the consonants `t` and `d`, the key to pronouncing them in English lies in the starting position of the tip of the tongue - it should touch the *alveolar ridge* position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)), not the *teeth*.
|
||||
While every language has the consonants `t` and `d`, the key to pronouncing them in English lies in the starting position of the tip of the tongue - it should touch the *alveolar ridge*, i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)), not the *teeth*.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ The `t` sound may be the most complex in American English consonant pronunciatio
|
||||
|
||||
> * 正常音 `t` - 只有 `t` 处于重音音节开头的时候才被正常读出，比如，*take* `/teɪk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/take-us-female.mp3"></span>；
|
||||
> * Standard `t` - This is the typical pronunciation, only used when `t` begins a stressed syllable, as in *take* `/teɪk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/take-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
> * 弹舌音 `t̬` - 夹在两个元音中间的 `t` 会变成接近 `d` 的弹舌音 `t̬`，比如，*water* `/ˈwɑː·t̬ɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/water-us-female.mp3"></span>；
|
||||
> * Flaping `t̬`: When `t` is situated between two vowels, it tends to be flaping `t̬`, sounding like `d`, as in water `/ˈwɑː·t̬ɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/water-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
> * 喉塞音 `ʔ` - `m/n` 之前的 `t` 有可能变成喉塞音 `ʔ`，比如，*utmost* `/ˈəʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* `/ˈfɪʔ·nəs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, *witness* `/ˈwɪʔ·nəs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>。如果你不知道喉塞音是什么样的，听听 *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— `/ʌʔoʊ/`……
|
||||
> * Glottal Stop `ʔ` - The `t` before `n` might transform into a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈəʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* `/ˈfɪʔ·nəs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *witness* `/ˈwɪʔ·nəs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>. If you don't understand what is a *glottal stop*, listen to the phrase, *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— `/ʌʔoʊ/`...
|
||||
> * 省略音 `ᵗ` - `n` 之后的 `t` 可能会被省略掉，比如，*winter* `/ˈwɪnᵗ·ər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 当然，若是读成 `/ˈwɪn·tər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>也没错……
|
||||
> * Optional `ᵗ` - The `t` following `n` might be omitted, as in *winter* `/ˈwɪnᵗ·ər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> - of course, `/ˈwɪn·tər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>is also correct.
|
||||
> * 弹舌音 `t̬` - 夹在两个元音中间的 `t` 会变成接近 `d` 的弹舌音 `t̬`，比如，*water* `/ˈwɑːt̬ɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/water-us-female.mp3"></span>；
|
||||
> * Flaping `t̬`: When `t` is situated between two vowels, it tends to be flaping `t̬`, sounding like `d`, as in water `/ˈwɑːt̬ɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/water-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
> * 喉塞音 `ʔ` - `m/n` 之前的 `t` 有可能变成喉塞音 `ʔ`，比如，*utmost* `/ˈəʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* `/ˈfɪʔnəs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, *witness* `/ˈwɪʔnəs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>。如果你不知道喉塞音是什么样的，听听 *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— `/ʌʔoʊ/`……
|
||||
> * Glottal Stop `ʔ` - The `t` before `n` might transform into a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈəʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* `/ˈfɪʔnəs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *witness* `/ˈwɪʔnəs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>. If you don't understand what is a *glottal stop*, listen to the phrase, *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— `/ʌʔoʊ/`...
|
||||
> * 省略音 `ᵗ` - `n` 之后的 `t` 可能会被省略掉，比如，*winter* `/ˈwɪnᵗər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 当然，若是读成 `/ˈwɪntər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>也没错……
|
||||
> * Optional `ᵗ` - The `t` following `n` might be omitted, as in *winter* `/ˈwɪnᵗər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> - of course, `/ˈwɪntər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>is also correct.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -2,29 +2,29 @@
|
||||
|
||||
**英文的词汇由至少一个音节构成**。英文中出现频率最高的几个词，*a/an*, *the*, *of*, *to*, *for*... 等等都是单音节词汇。有的词汇可能很长，由很多音节构成。在英文词典中能找到的最长词汇总计由 19 个音节，45 个字母构成：
|
||||
|
||||
> *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/En-us-pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.ogg.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/En-us-pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.ogg.mp3"></span>
|
||||
>
|
||||
> `/ˌnumənəʊˌəltrəˌmaɪkrəˌskɑpɪkˌsɪləkəʊvɑlˌkeɪnəʊˌkəʊniˈəʊsəs/`
|
||||
|
||||
一个音节中，有且只有一个元音（被称为 nucleus），也是该音节的韵（rhyme）。音节以元音为核心，前后可有多达三个辅音构成的组合。
|
||||
一个音节中，有且只有一个元音（被称为 *nucleus*），也是该音节的韵（*rhyme*）。音节以元音为核心，前后可有多达三个辅音构成的组合。
|
||||
|
||||
In a syllable, there is *only* one vowel, known as the *nucleus*, which forms the *rhyme* of the syllable. This vowel is at the core of the syllable, and it can be surrounded by up to three consonants.
|
||||
|
||||
英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，`c` 代表辅音，`v` 代表元音）：
|
||||
|
||||
> * `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/awe-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `vc`： *add* `/æd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/add-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/east-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `vccc`： *axed* `/ækst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/east-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cv`： *the* `/ðə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/the-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/dog-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/task-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/text-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flee-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/speed-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/thrust-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flexed-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cccv`： *spray* `/spreɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flee-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cccvc`: *spring* `/sprɪŋ/`
|
||||
> * `cccvcc`: *splashed* `/splæʃt/`
|
||||
> * `cccvccc`: *scrounged* `/skraʊnʤd/`
|
||||
> * `v` - *awe* `/ɑː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/awe-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/awe-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `vc` - *add* `/æd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/add-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/add-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `vcc` - *east* `/iːst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/east-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/east-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `vccc` - *axed* `/ækst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/axed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/axed-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cv` - *the* `/ðə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/the-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/the-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cvc` - *dog* `/dɑːɡ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cvcc` - *task* `/tæsk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/task-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/task-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cvccc` - *text* `/tekst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/text-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/text-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `ccv` - *flee* `/fliː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/flee-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/flee-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `ccvc` - *speed* `/spiːd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/speed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/speed-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `ccvcc` - *thrust* `/θrʌst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/thrust-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/thrust-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `ccvccc` - *flexed* `/flekst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/flexed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/flexed-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cccv` - *spray* `/spreɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/spray-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/spray-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cccvc` - *spring* `/sprɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/spring-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/spring-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cccvcc` - *splashed* `/splæʃt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/splashed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/splashed-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cccvccc` - *scrounged* `/skraʊndʒd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/scrounged-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/scrounged-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -4,26 +4,22 @@
|
||||
|
||||
When a word contains more than one syllable, one of those syllables may carry the *stress*, marked by `ˈ` in phonetic notation.
|
||||
|
||||
有些时候，同样的词汇，因**重音位置**不同会产生**词义**或**词性**的变化。比如，*address*, `/ˈæˌdrɛs/` 是名词，“地址”；`/əˈdrɛs/` 是动词，“强调”；再比如，*record*，可以读作 `/ˈrɛkərd/` 或 `/rɪˈkɔrd/`，前者是名词，后者是动词。
|
||||
一个多音节词汇中，最多只有一个重音音节，但，可能还有另外一些音节是**次重音**（*secondary stress*），在音标中使用 `ˌ` 作为标记。比如，*serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/serendipity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/serendipity-us-female.mp3"></span>，有一个**重音**和一个**次重音**。而 *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* 总计有 19 个音节，其中 7 个是次重音，唯一的重音是 `oʊ`……
|
||||
|
||||
At times, the same word can bear different meanings or parts of speech due to the varying placement of the *stress*. For example, the word *address* when pronounced as `/ˈæˌdrɛs/` is a *noun*, meaning *place of residence*. However, when pronounced as `/əˈdrɛs/`, it is a *verb*, indicating to *highlight* or *bring attention to*. And *record* can be pronounced as `/ˈrɛkərd/` or `/rɪˈkɔːd/`. The former is a *noun*, while the latter is a *verb*.
|
||||
|
||||
一个多音节词汇中，最多只有一个重音音节，但，可能还有另外一些音节是**次重音**（*secondary stress*），在音标中使用 `ˌ` 作为标记。比如，*serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`，有一个**重音**和一个**次重音**。而 *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* 总计有 19 个音节，其中 7 个是次重音，唯一的重音是 `oʊ`……
|
||||
|
||||
In a multisyllabic word, there is *only one* syllable with *primary stress*. However, there may be other syllables with *secondary stress*, marked by `ˌ` in phonetic notation. For instance, *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/` has one primary stress and one secondary stress. On the other hand, the word *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* consists of *19* syllables in total, with *7* carrying secondary stress and the *sole* primary stress falling on `oʊ`.
|
||||
In a multisyllabic word, there is *only one* syllable with *primary stress*. However, there may be other syllables with *secondary stress*, marked by `ˌ` in phonetic notation. For instance, *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/serendipity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/serendipity-us-female.mp3"></span> has one primary stress and one secondary stress. On the other hand, the word *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* consists of *19* syllables in total, with *7* carrying secondary stress and the *sole* primary stress falling on `oʊ`.
|
||||
|
||||
在学习英文的时候，亚洲人特别需要注意的是，要从心理上纠正一个对应关系，“英文音节 - 字”，而不是 “英文单词 - 字” —— 亚洲文字，无论是中文、日文还是韩文，所有的字都是单音节构成。
|
||||
|
||||
What Asian learners of English must be especially mindful of is to mentally correct the correlation from "*English syllable - Asian Character*" instead of "English word - Asian Character". This is because all characters in Asian languages, whether Chinese, Japanese, or Korean, are composed of single syllables.
|
||||
|
||||
*individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` 这一个单词，总计 *5* 个音节，即，相当于 *5* 个汉字的长度…… 对比以下句子的音节数量：
|
||||
*individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 这一个单词，总计 *5* 个音节，即，相当于 *5* 个汉字的长度…… 对比以下句子的音节数量：
|
||||
|
||||
The word *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` has a total of *5* syllables, which is equivalent to the length of *5* Chinese characters. Consider the comparison between the number of syllables in the following sentences
|
||||
The word *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> has a total of *5* syllables, which is equivalent to the length of *5* Chinese characters. Consider the comparison between the number of syllables in the following sentences
|
||||
|
||||
> * 人们看法各不相同。`[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]` —— 总计 *8* 个字，*8* 个音节。
|
||||
> * 人们看法各不相同。`[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]` - *8 characters in Chinese, 8 syllables*.
|
||||
> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. `/ˈpipəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈvɛri frəm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl tə ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` —— 总计 *7* 个单词，*19* 个音节。
|
||||
> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. `/ˈpipəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈvɛri frəm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl tə ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` - *7* words in English, *19* syllables.
|
||||
> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. `/ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/` —— 总计 *7* 个单词，*19* 个音节。
|
||||
> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. `/ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/` - *7* words in English, *19* syllables.
|
||||
|
||||
这个对应关系的纠正很重要，因为这个对应关系在最底层影响连贯声音的理解方式。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -49,9 +45,9 @@ However, the word *individual*, which is composed of 5 syllables, would likely b
|
||||
|
||||
In English, in addition to primary stress, secondary stress, and unstressed syllables, we also have weakly pronounced syllables, like the schwa (`ə`) sound that occurs when syllables are reduced.
|
||||
|
||||
细细体会 *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` 这个词，如果每个音节都清晰地用同样的强度读出来的话，应该是 `/ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/`…… 这里面，第 2 个音节 `/dɪ/`里的元音 `ɪ` 被弱化为 `ə`；另外，第 4 个音节 `/dʒju/` 里的元音 `ju` 也被弱化成了 `ə`，但保留了 `u` 的音色；而处于音节末尾的 `l`，之前自带着轻微的 `ə`，于是连成了很轻的 `wᵊl`……
|
||||
细细体会 *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词，如果每个音节都清晰地用同样的强度读出来的话，应该是 `/ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/`…… 这里面，第 2 个音节 `/dɪ/`里的元音 `ɪ` 被弱化为 `ə`；另外，第 4 个音节 `/dʒu/` 里的元音 `ju` 也被弱化成了 `ə`，但保留了 `u` 的音色；而处于音节末尾的 `l`，之前自带着轻微的 `ə`，于是连成了很轻的 `wᵊl`……
|
||||
|
||||
Let's dig deep into the word *individual*, for example, it's pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/`. If each syllable was placed equal stress, it would sound something like /ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/... Within this pronunciation, the vowel `ɪ` in the second syllable `/dɪ/` is reduced to the schwa sound, `ə`; likewise, the vowel `ju` in the fourth syllable `/dʒju/` is also reduced to `ə`, but retains the coloration of `u`. The `l` at the end of the syllable, which originally carries a slight `ə` sound, thus becomes a very light `wᵊl`...
|
||||
Let's dig deep into the word *individual*, for example, it's pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span>. If each syllable was placed equal stress, it would sound something like /ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/... Within this pronunciation, the vowel `ɪ` in the second syllable `/dɪ/` is reduced to the schwa sound, `ə`; likewise, the vowel `ju` in the fourth syllable `/dʒu/` is also reduced to `ə`, but retains the coloration of `u`. The `l` at the end of the syllable, which originally carries a slight `ə` sound, thus becomes a very light `wᵊl`...
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -59,17 +55,26 @@ Let's dig deep into the word *individual*, for example, it's pronounced as `/ˌ
|
||||
|
||||
In English, vowel sounds can vary in length. It's interesting to note that when a syllable with a short vowel sound is *stressed*, it's naturally pronounced a bit longer. For example, the first stressed syllable in words like *city* or *silly*, `/ˈsɪ/` may be extended due to the drawn-out `s` sound. Similarly, the word *big* in the sentence "*Thanks, I owe you a big one*," may be elongated because the pitch of the syllable `bɪg` is raised or simply because the short vowel `ɪ` is stretched out.
|
||||
|
||||
注意，同样一个单词，重音放在不同的音节，可能会改变其词性，比如以下常见词汇：
|
||||
有些时候，同样的词汇，因**重音位置**不同会产生**词义**或**词性**的变化。比如，*address*, `/ˈædres/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/address-noun.mp3"></span> 是名词，“地址”；`/əˈdres/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/address-verb.mp3"></span> 是动词，“强调”；再比如，*record*，可以读作 `/ˈrekɚd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-noun.mp3"></span> 或 `/rɪˈkɔːrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-verb.mp3"></span>，前者是名词，后者是动词。
|
||||
|
||||
At times, the same word can bear different meanings or parts of speech due to the varying placement of the *stress*. For example, the word *address* when pronounced as `/ˈæˌdres/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/address-noun.mp3"></span> is a *noun*, meaning *place of residence*. However, when pronounced as `/əˈdres/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/address-verb.mp3"></span>, it is a *verb*, indicating to *highlight* or *bring attention to*. And *record* can be pronounced as `/ˈrekɚd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-noun.mp3"></span> or `/rɪˈkɔːrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-verb.mp3"></span>. The former is a *noun*, while the latter is a *verb*.
|
||||
|
||||
类似的还有很多，比如以下常见词汇[^1]：
|
||||
|
||||
Note, the same word, when pronounced with stress on different syllables, can change its part of speech. Consider the following common words as examples:
|
||||
|
||||
| Noun | Verb |
|
||||
| ---- | ---- |
|
||||
| 'conflict| con'flict |
|
||||
| 'record| re'cord |
|
||||
| 'digest| di'gest |
|
||||
| 'convert| con'vert |
|
||||
| 'permit| per'mit |
|
||||
| 'subject| sub'ject |
|
||||
| 'rebel| re'bel |
|
||||
| 'conduct| con'duct |
|
||||
| Noun | Verb |
|
||||
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||||
| 'conduct `/ˈkɑːndʌkt/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conduct-noun.mp3"></span> | con'duct `/kənˈdʌkt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conduct-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'conflict `/ˈkɑːnflɪkt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conflict-noun.mp3"></span> | con'flict `/kənˈflɪkt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conflict-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'convert `/ˈkɑːnvɝːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/convert-noun.mp3"></span> | con'vert `/kənˈvɝːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/convert-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'digest `/ˈdaɪdʒest/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/digest-noun.mp3"></span> | di'gest `/daɪˈdʒest/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/digest-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'permit `/ˈpɝːmɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/permit-noun.mp3"></span> | per'mit `/pɚˈmɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/permit-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'rebel `/ˈrebəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rebel-noun.mp3"></span> | re'bel `/rɪˈbel/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rebel-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'subject `/ˈsʌbdʒekt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/subject-noun.mp3"></span> | sub'ject `/səbˈdʒekt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/subject-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
|
||||
在随后的章节里我们会涉及到重音音节的另外一个重点 —— 音调（*tone*，[2.5.2](2.5.2-tone)）。
|
||||
|
||||
In the upcoming sections, we'll be covering another important aspect of stressed syllables — tone ([2.5.2](2.5.2-tone)).
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Sound files in this page mostly come from [CEPD online edition](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/).
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ Take the word *absolutely* `/ˌæbsəˈluːtli/` for instance. To *stress* the `
|
||||
|
||||
Another frequent stop is more subtle. It's there, but you can't see or hear it.
|
||||
|
||||
比如，在 *hotdog* 这个词里，`t` 的声音是听不到的，但，它的舌尖动作却是**完整**的，所以，能够听到的不是 `/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/`，也不是 `/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`，而是 `/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/` —— 这里的 `·` 表示因 `t` 的舌尖动作完整却没有发出任何声音而产生的**停顿**。你可以再试试 network `/ˈnɛtˌwərk/` 这个词 —— 这里面的 `t` 也是同样的机制。
|
||||
比如，在 *hotdog* 这个词里，`t` 的声音是听不到的，但，它的舌尖动作却是**完整**的，所以，能够听到的不是 `/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/`，也不是 `/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`，而是 `/ˈhɑˌdɔg/` —— 这里的 `` 表示因 `t` 的舌尖动作完整却没有发出任何声音而产生的**停顿**。你可以再试试 network `/ˈnɛtˌwərk/` 这个词 —— 这里面的 `t` 也是同样的机制。
|
||||
|
||||
Consider the word *hotdog*. You can't hear the 't,' but the articulation is complete. So instead of hearing '/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/' or '/ˈhɑˌdɔg/,' you hear '/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/' – the '·' represents a stop created by the 't' sound's complete articulation without any audible output. Try the same with 'network' – the 't' applies the same principle.
|
||||
Consider the word *hotdog*. You can't hear the 't,' but the articulation is complete. So instead of hearing '/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/' or '/ˈhɑˌdɔg/,' you hear '/ˈhɑˌdɔg/' – the '' represents a stop created by the 't' sound's complete articulation without any audible output. Try the same with 'network' – the 't' applies the same principle.
|
||||
|
||||
这类**停顿**（*stop*），也叫**塞音**，最常见的有以下几种：
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ There are several types of *stops* in English:
|
||||
> * **Dental stop**: `θ`, `ð` - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*, the final `θ` in `/pæθ/` is a dental stop.
|
||||
> * 龈塞音: `t`、`d` —— He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss. 第二个单词 `/traɪd/` 末尾的 `d` 就是一个龈塞音。
|
||||
> * **Alveolar stop**: `t`, `d` - As in *He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss*, where the final `d` in `/traɪd/` is an alveolar stop.
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||||
> * 喉塞音：`k`, `g`, `t` —— IPA 里用 `ʔ`标注。 I don't *thin**k** that* is true. 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音，`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。 *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/` 是另外一个例子…… `t` 也有可能用这个喉塞音，比如，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`，或者 `/ˈneʔ·wɝːk/`。
|
||||
> * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g`, `t` - In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol `ʔ`. Take the sentence *I don't think that's true* for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example is the word *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`. Also, `t` can sometimes be replaced with a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/` or *network* `/ˈneʔ·wɝːk/`.
|
||||
> * 喉塞音：`k`, `g`, `t` —— IPA 里用 `ʔ`标注。 I don't *thin**k** that* is true. 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音，`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。 *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/` 是另外一个例子…… `t` 也有可能用这个喉塞音，比如，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`，或者 `/ˈneʔwɝːk/`。
|
||||
> * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g`, `t` - In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol `ʔ`. Take the sentence *I don't think that's true* for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example is the word *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`. Also, `t` can sometimes be replaced with a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/` or *network* `/ˈneʔwɝːk/`.
|
||||
|
||||
不管是哪一种，大多都是因为之前的一个辅音**虽然并未发出声音却动作完整**造成的。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
# Drafts
|
||||
|
||||
辅音 `t` 在美式英语中有个弹舌音变体，`t̬`，例如，*cutting* `/ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ/`。
|
||||
辅音 `t` 在美式英语中有个弹舌音变体，`t̬`，例如，*cutting* `/ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/`。
|
||||
|
||||
The consonant `t` has a flapping variant, `t̬`, as in the word *cutting*, pronounced `/ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ/`.
|
||||
The consonant `t` has a flapping variant, `t̬`, as in the word *cutting*, pronounced `/ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/`.
|
||||
|
||||
辅音 `l` 是音节辅音（[2.2.14](2.2.14-lr)），有时会在之前自然附带一个 `ə` 音，可能被标注为 `əl`、`ᵊl`（上标式 `ə`） 或者 `l̩`（注意 `l` 下的那根小竖线）。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ The consonant `l` is a syllabic consonant ([2.2.14](2.2.14-lr)), which sometimes
|
||||
In the 6 basic vowels, `ə` and `ɪ` have relatively more variants, or *allophones*:
|
||||
|
||||
* `ɪ`：
|
||||
* 除了长元音版本 `iː` 之外，还有一个半长版本 `i`，例如 *happy* `/ˈhæp·i/`[^1]；
|
||||
* In addition to the long vowel version `i`ː, there's also a semi-long version `i`, as in *happy* `/ˈhæp·i/`.
|
||||
* 除了长元音版本 `iː` 之外，还有一个半长版本 `i`，例如 *happy* `/ˈhæpi/`[^1]；
|
||||
* In addition to the long vowel version `i`ː, there's also a semi-long version `i`, as in *happy* `/ˈhæpi/`.
|
||||
* `ə`：
|
||||
* 长元音版本 `əː` 在 CEPD[^2] 中被标注为 `ɜː`，例如 *bird* `/bɜːd/` (UK)
|
||||
* The long vowel version `əː` is annotated as `ɜː` in the CEPD[^2], like in *bird* `/bɜːd/` (UK).
|
||||
* 儿化的短元音 `ə` 被标注为 `ɚ`，例如 *mother* `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/`；
|
||||
* The rhotacized short vowel `ə` is annotated as `ɚ`, as in *mother* pronounced `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/`.
|
||||
* 儿化的短元音 `ə` 被标注为 `ɚ`，例如 *mother* `/ˈmʌðɚ/`；
|
||||
* The rhotacized short vowel `ə` is annotated as `ɚ`, as in *mother* pronounced `/ˈmʌðɚ/`.
|
||||
* 儿化的长元音 `əː` 被标注为 `ɝː` 例如 *bird* `/bɝːd/` (US)
|
||||
* The rhotacized long vowel `əː` is annotated as `ɝː`, like in *bird* pronounced `/bɝːd/` (US).
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The sounds represented by `eə`, `ɪə`, and `ʊə` in British English are rhota
|
||||
|
||||
Furthermore, in British English, there are two triphthongs: `aɪə` as in *fire* pronounced `/faɪə/` and `aʊə` as in *hour* pronounced `/aʊə/`. In American English, these two triphthongs simplify into more apparent rhotacized diphthongs, `aɪə` → `aɪr`, for example, *fire* pronounced `/faɪr/`, and *hour* pronounced `/aʊr/`.
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: The middle dot `·` in `/ˈhæp·i/` is an annotation of syllable division. A dot `.` is used in CEPD, but for clearer html rendering, we use a raised one here.
|
||||
[^1]: The middle dot `` in `/ˈhæpi/` is an annotation of syllable division. A dot `.` is used in CEPD, but for clearer html rendering, we use a raised one here.
|
||||
[^2]: CEPD, Cambridge English Pronunciation Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -62,13 +62,9 @@ Here are some key points to take note of when it comes to phonetic representatio
|
||||
> - `t` 的弹舌音用 `t̬` 标注。
|
||||
> - The flapping `t` sound in American English is represented by `t̬`.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### `ʌ`
|
||||
|
||||
*but* `/bʌt/`, *chum* `/tʃʌm/`, *cut* `/kʌt/`, *drum* `/drʌm/`, *duck* `/dʌk/`, *fun* `/fʌn/`, *gun* `/ɡʌn/`, *hut* `/hʌt/`, *jump* `/dʒʌmp/`, *luck* `/lʌk/`, *mud* `/mʌd/`, *nut* `/nʌt/`, *pup* `/pʌp/`, *run* `/rʌn/`, *shut* `/ʃʌt/`, *sun* `/sʌn/`, *thug* `/θʌɡ/`, *thus* `/ðʌs/`, *truck* `/trʌk/`, *tut* `/tʌt/`, *vulgar* `/ˈvʌl·ɡɚ/`, *won* `/wʌn/`, *yum* `/jʌm/`
|
||||
*but* `/bʌt/`, *chum* `/tʃʌm/`, *cut* `/kʌt/`, *drum* `/drʌm/`, *duck* `/dʌk/`, *fun* `/fʌn/`, *gun* `/ɡʌn/`, *hut* `/hʌt/`, *jump* `/dʒʌmp/`, *luck* `/lʌk/`, *mud* `/mʌd/`, *nut* `/nʌt/`, *pup* `/pʌp/`, *run* `/rʌn/`, *shut* `/ʃʌt/`, *sun* `/sʌn/`, *thug* `/θʌɡ/`, *thus* `/ðʌs/`, *truck* `/trʌk/`, *tut* `/tʌt/`, *vulgar* `/ˈvʌlɡɚ/`, *won* `/wʌn/`, *yum* `/jʌm/`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### `e`
|
||||
@@ -77,19 +73,19 @@ Here are some key points to take note of when it comes to phonetic representatio
|
||||
|
||||
### `ə`
|
||||
|
||||
*ago* `/əˈɡoʊ/`, *button* `/ˈbʌt̬·ən/`, *develop* `/dɪˈvel·əp/`, *dramatic* `/drəˈmæt̬·ɪk/`, *expression* `/ɪkˈspreʃ·ən/`, *onion* `/ˈʌn·jən/`, *realize* `/ˈriː·ə·laɪz/`, *standard* `/ˈstæn·dɚd/`, *system* `/ˈsɪs·təm/`, *telegram* `/ˈtel·ə·ɡræm/`
|
||||
*ago* `/əˈɡoʊ/`, *button* `/ˈbʌt̬ən/`, *develop* `/dɪˈveləp/`, *dramatic* `/drəˈmæt̬ɪk/`, *expression* `/ɪkˈspreʃən/`, *onion* `/ˈʌnjən/`, *realize* `/ˈriːəlaɪz/`, *standard* `/ˈstændɚd/`, *system* `/ˈsɪstəm/`, *telegram* `/ˈteləɡræm/`
|
||||
|
||||
注意：没有儿化的 `ə` 在美式英语中，被称作 *schwa*，非重读央元音 —— 即，只出现在非重读音节中。
|
||||
|
||||
### `ɚ`
|
||||
|
||||
*danger* `/ˈdeɪn·dʒɚ/`, *freezer* `/ˈfriː·zɚ/`, *harder* `/hɑːrdɚ/`, *larger* `/lɑːrdʒɚ/`, *paper* `/ˈpeɪ·pɚ/`, *server* `/ˈsɝː·vɚ/`, *teacher* `/ˈtiː·tʃɚ/`, *water* `/ˈwɑː·t̬ɚ/`, *worker* `/ˈwɝː·kɚ/`
|
||||
*danger* `/ˈdeɪndʒɚ/`, *freezer* `/ˈfriːzɚ/`, *harder* `/hɑːrdɚ/`, *larger* `/lɑːrdʒɚ/`, *paper* `/ˈpeɪpɚ/`, *server* `/ˈsɝːvɚ/`, *teacher* `/ˈtiːtʃɚ/`, *water* `/ˈwɑːt̬ɚ/`, *worker* `/ˈwɝːkɚ/`
|
||||
|
||||
注意：儿化的短元音 `ɚ` 只出现在非重读音节中。
|
||||
|
||||
### `ɪ`
|
||||
|
||||
*bit* `/bɪt/`, *chip* `/tʃɪp/`, *did* `/dɪd/`, *drill* `/drɪl/`, *gig* `/ɡɪɡ/`, *gin* `/dʒɪn/`, *his* `/hɪz/`, *if* `/ɪf/`, *kick* `/kɪk/`, *lip* `/lɪp/`, *milk* `/mɪlk/`, *nil* `/nɪl/`, *pick* `/pɪk/`, *rip* `/rɪp/`, *ship* `/ʃɪp/`, *sit* `/sɪt/`, *thick* `/θɪk/`, *this* `/ðɪs/`, *tip* `/tɪp/`, *trick* `/trɪk/`, *vivid* `/ˈvɪv·ɪd/`, *wit* `/wɪ/`, *zip* `/zɪp/`
|
||||
*bit* `/bɪt/`, *chip* `/tʃɪp/`, *did* `/dɪd/`, *drill* `/drɪl/`, *gig* `/ɡɪɡ/`, *gin* `/dʒɪn/`, *his* `/hɪz/`, *if* `/ɪf/`, *kick* `/kɪk/`, *lip* `/lɪp/`, *milk* `/mɪlk/`, *nil* `/nɪl/`, *pick* `/pɪk/`, *rip* `/rɪp/`, *ship* `/ʃɪp/`, *sit* `/sɪt/`, *thick* `/θɪk/`, *this* `/ðɪs/`, *tip* `/tɪp/`, *trick* `/trɪk/`, *vivid* `/ˈvɪvɪd/`, *wit* `/wɪ/`, *zip* `/zɪp/`
|
||||
|
||||
### `ʊ`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user