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# Drafts
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辅音 `t` 在美式英语中有个弹舌音变体，`t̬`，例如，*cutting* `/ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ/`。
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辅音 `t` 在美式英语中有个弹舌音变体，`t̬`，例如，*cutting* `/ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/`。
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The consonant `t` has a flapping variant, `t̬`, as in the word *cutting*, pronounced `/ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ/`.
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The consonant `t` has a flapping variant, `t̬`, as in the word *cutting*, pronounced `/ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/`.
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辅音 `l` 是音节辅音（[2.2.14](2.2.14-lr)），有时会在之前自然附带一个 `ə` 音，可能被标注为 `əl`、`ᵊl`（上标式 `ə`） 或者 `l̩`（注意 `l` 下的那根小竖线）。
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@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ The consonant `l` is a syllabic consonant ([2.2.14](2.2.14-lr)), which sometimes
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In the 6 basic vowels, `ə` and `ɪ` have relatively more variants, or *allophones*:
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* `ɪ`：
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* 除了长元音版本 `iː` 之外，还有一个半长版本 `i`，例如 *happy* `/ˈhæp·i/`[^1]；
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* In addition to the long vowel version `i`ː, there's also a semi-long version `i`, as in *happy* `/ˈhæp·i/`.
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* 除了长元音版本 `iː` 之外，还有一个半长版本 `i`，例如 *happy* `/ˈhæpi/`[^1]；
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* In addition to the long vowel version `i`ː, there's also a semi-long version `i`, as in *happy* `/ˈhæpi/`.
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* `ə`：
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* 长元音版本 `əː` 在 CEPD[^2] 中被标注为 `ɜː`，例如 *bird* `/bɜːd/` (UK)
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* The long vowel version `əː` is annotated as `ɜː` in the CEPD[^2], like in *bird* `/bɜːd/` (UK).
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* 儿化的短元音 `ə` 被标注为 `ɚ`，例如 *mother* `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/`；
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* The rhotacized short vowel `ə` is annotated as `ɚ`, as in *mother* pronounced `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/`.
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* 儿化的短元音 `ə` 被标注为 `ɚ`，例如 *mother* `/ˈmʌðɚ/`；
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* The rhotacized short vowel `ə` is annotated as `ɚ`, as in *mother* pronounced `/ˈmʌðɚ/`.
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* 儿化的长元音 `əː` 被标注为 `ɝː` 例如 *bird* `/bɝːd/` (US)
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* The rhotacized long vowel `əː` is annotated as `ɝː`, like in *bird* pronounced `/bɝːd/` (US).
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@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The sounds represented by `eə`, `ɪə`, and `ʊə` in British English are rhota
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Furthermore, in British English, there are two triphthongs: `aɪə` as in *fire* pronounced `/faɪə/` and `aʊə` as in *hour* pronounced `/aʊə/`. In American English, these two triphthongs simplify into more apparent rhotacized diphthongs, `aɪə` → `aɪr`, for example, *fire* pronounced `/faɪr/`, and *hour* pronounced `/aʊr/`.
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[^1]: The middle dot `·` in `/ˈhæp·i/` is an annotation of syllable division. A dot `.` is used in CEPD, but for clearer html rendering, we use a raised one here.
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[^1]: The middle dot `` in `/ˈhæpi/` is an annotation of syllable division. A dot `.` is used in CEPD, but for clearer html rendering, we use a raised one here.
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[^2]: CEPD, Cambridge English Pronunciation Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html.
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@@ -62,13 +62,9 @@ Here are some key points to take note of when it comes to phonetic representatio
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> - `t` 的弹舌音用 `t̬` 标注。
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> - The flapping `t` sound in American English is represented by `t̬`.
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### `ʌ`
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*but* `/bʌt/`, *chum* `/tʃʌm/`, *cut* `/kʌt/`, *drum* `/drʌm/`, *duck* `/dʌk/`, *fun* `/fʌn/`, *gun* `/ɡʌn/`, *hut* `/hʌt/`, *jump* `/dʒʌmp/`, *luck* `/lʌk/`, *mud* `/mʌd/`, *nut* `/nʌt/`, *pup* `/pʌp/`, *run* `/rʌn/`, *shut* `/ʃʌt/`, *sun* `/sʌn/`, *thug* `/θʌɡ/`, *thus* `/ðʌs/`, *truck* `/trʌk/`, *tut* `/tʌt/`, *vulgar* `/ˈvʌl·ɡɚ/`, *won* `/wʌn/`, *yum* `/jʌm/`
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*but* `/bʌt/`, *chum* `/tʃʌm/`, *cut* `/kʌt/`, *drum* `/drʌm/`, *duck* `/dʌk/`, *fun* `/fʌn/`, *gun* `/ɡʌn/`, *hut* `/hʌt/`, *jump* `/dʒʌmp/`, *luck* `/lʌk/`, *mud* `/mʌd/`, *nut* `/nʌt/`, *pup* `/pʌp/`, *run* `/rʌn/`, *shut* `/ʃʌt/`, *sun* `/sʌn/`, *thug* `/θʌɡ/`, *thus* `/ðʌs/`, *truck* `/trʌk/`, *tut* `/tʌt/`, *vulgar* `/ˈvʌlɡɚ/`, *won* `/wʌn/`, *yum* `/jʌm/`
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### `e`
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@@ -77,19 +73,19 @@ Here are some key points to take note of when it comes to phonetic representatio
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### `ə`
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*ago* `/əˈɡoʊ/`, *button* `/ˈbʌt̬·ən/`, *develop* `/dɪˈvel·əp/`, *dramatic* `/drəˈmæt̬·ɪk/`, *expression* `/ɪkˈspreʃ·ən/`, *onion* `/ˈʌn·jən/`, *realize* `/ˈriː·ə·laɪz/`, *standard* `/ˈstæn·dɚd/`, *system* `/ˈsɪs·təm/`, *telegram* `/ˈtel·ə·ɡræm/`
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*ago* `/əˈɡoʊ/`, *button* `/ˈbʌt̬ən/`, *develop* `/dɪˈveləp/`, *dramatic* `/drəˈmæt̬ɪk/`, *expression* `/ɪkˈspreʃən/`, *onion* `/ˈʌnjən/`, *realize* `/ˈriːəlaɪz/`, *standard* `/ˈstændɚd/`, *system* `/ˈsɪstəm/`, *telegram* `/ˈteləɡræm/`
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注意：没有儿化的 `ə` 在美式英语中，被称作 *schwa*，非重读央元音 —— 即，只出现在非重读音节中。
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### `ɚ`
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*danger* `/ˈdeɪn·dʒɚ/`, *freezer* `/ˈfriː·zɚ/`, *harder* `/hɑːrdɚ/`, *larger* `/lɑːrdʒɚ/`, *paper* `/ˈpeɪ·pɚ/`, *server* `/ˈsɝː·vɚ/`, *teacher* `/ˈtiː·tʃɚ/`, *water* `/ˈwɑː·t̬ɚ/`, *worker* `/ˈwɝː·kɚ/`
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*danger* `/ˈdeɪndʒɚ/`, *freezer* `/ˈfriːzɚ/`, *harder* `/hɑːrdɚ/`, *larger* `/lɑːrdʒɚ/`, *paper* `/ˈpeɪpɚ/`, *server* `/ˈsɝːvɚ/`, *teacher* `/ˈtiːtʃɚ/`, *water* `/ˈwɑːt̬ɚ/`, *worker* `/ˈwɝːkɚ/`
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注意：儿化的短元音 `ɚ` 只出现在非重读音节中。
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### `ɪ`
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*bit* `/bɪt/`, *chip* `/tʃɪp/`, *did* `/dɪd/`, *drill* `/drɪl/`, *gig* `/ɡɪɡ/`, *gin* `/dʒɪn/`, *his* `/hɪz/`, *if* `/ɪf/`, *kick* `/kɪk/`, *lip* `/lɪp/`, *milk* `/mɪlk/`, *nil* `/nɪl/`, *pick* `/pɪk/`, *rip* `/rɪp/`, *ship* `/ʃɪp/`, *sit* `/sɪt/`, *thick* `/θɪk/`, *this* `/ðɪs/`, *tip* `/tɪp/`, *trick* `/trɪk/`, *vivid* `/ˈvɪv·ɪd/`, *wit* `/wɪ/`, *zip* `/zɪp/`
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*bit* `/bɪt/`, *chip* `/tʃɪp/`, *did* `/dɪd/`, *drill* `/drɪl/`, *gig* `/ɡɪɡ/`, *gin* `/dʒɪn/`, *his* `/hɪz/`, *if* `/ɪf/`, *kick* `/kɪk/`, *lip* `/lɪp/`, *milk* `/mɪlk/`, *nil* `/nɪl/`, *pick* `/pɪk/`, *rip* `/rɪp/`, *ship* `/ʃɪp/`, *sit* `/sɪt/`, *thick* `/θɪk/`, *this* `/ðɪs/`, *tip* `/tɪp/`, *trick* `/trɪk/`, *vivid* `/ˈvɪvɪd/`, *wit* `/wɪ/`, *zip* `/zɪp/`
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### `ʊ`
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