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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.4-ə.md

@@ -8,6 +8,21 @@ Some dictionaries often use `ɜ` to annotate the sound `ə`. Additionally, in Am
 
 When Americans pronounce these sounds, they *often* rhotacize, *but not always*. Beginners tend to overdo it and add a `r` whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing *focus* as `/ˈfəʊkərs/`.
 
+`ər`（`ɚ`）这个儿化音，有两种发声方式，一种是凭直觉卷起舌尖，这也是绝大多数初学者发这个音的唯一选择。
+
+The `ər` (or `ɚ`) sound, referred to as rhotacized sound, can be produced in two different ways. Most beginners instinctively curl their tongue tip to produce this sound, as it's generally the only method they're familiar with.
+
+由于这个音发声时的舌头动作是别人看不见的，所以，人们在学这个发音的时候，无法猜到第二种方式：舌尖保持原位，舍尾部分抬起来，使舌的两侧接触到后牙。舌尾的中心部分较低，空气通过这个凹槽产生声音。
+
+==此处需要图片==
+(https://pronuncian.com/pronounce-schwar)
+
+Since the tongue's movements are invisible during speech, it's difficult for learners to guess the second method, which involves keeping the tongue tip in place, lifting the back part of the tongue, and allowing the sides of the tongue to touch the back teeth. The center of the tongue's rear is slightly lowered, creating a groove for the air to pass through and generate the sound.
+
+另外，美式英语的 `ɚ` 在发音时，舌尖从不接触牙嵴。
+
+Additionally, in American English pronunciation, the tongue tip never touches the teeth when making the rhotacized `ɚ` sound.
+
 注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 `ə`（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 `ɪ`。比如，*individual*, `ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl`，实际上会被读作 `ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl` —— `jʊ` 也变成了 `ə`，而后 `ʊ` 和 `ə` 之间有个加音 `w`…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
 
 Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to `ə` (*schwa*), especially `ɪ`. For instance, *individual*  `/ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl/`, is often actually pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` - `jʊ` also becomes `ə`, and there's a added `w` sound between `ʊ` and `ə`… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation.

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-lr.md

@@ -16,6 +16,14 @@ Pronouncing 'l' and 'r' at the beginning of syllables usually is of no difficult
 
 ==此处需要图片==
 
+有一个重要的细节：
+
+Here's an important detail to note:
+
+> 美式英语中，`r` 发声的时候，舌尖**从不接触**龈脊，只是非常接近龈脊。
+
+In American English, when pronouncing the `r` sound, the tip of the tongue *never* actually touches the *alveolar ridge*, but comes very close to it.
+
 `l` 的困难总是来自于它们处在音节末尾的时候。
 
 The difficulty with 'l' often arises when it's at the end of a syllable.

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.15-jw.md

@@ -10,4 +10,8 @@ When `j` is connected to the following vowel, it is as if an `ɪ` sound is added
 
 `w` 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 `ʊ`，比如 *way* `juː`，读音上相当于是 `ʊeɪ`。
 
-Similarly, when `w` is paired with a vowel, it's as if a `ʊ` sound precedes that vowel. Take the word *way* `/weɪ/`, pronounced the same as `/ʊeɪ/`.
+Similarly, when `w` is paired with a vowel, it's as if a `ʊ` sound precedes that vowel. Take the word *way* `/weɪ/`, pronounced the same as `/ʊeɪ/`.
+
+`w` 可以和另外的辅音结合作为音节开头：`sw`、`tw`、`dw`、`kw`、`skw`、`gw`…… 这其中最容易出错也最常的是 `kw`，尤其是 `kwɒ` 和 `kwɔː`，比如，*quart* `/kwɔːt/`，常常会被误读为 `/kɔːt/`（听起来和 *court* 同音 —— 关键在于，`k` 的音之后有一个发出 `ʊ` 的嘴唇动作，否则 `kw` 就变成了 `k` —— 这个差异在母语使用者听起来异常地明显。
+
+The letter `w` can combine with other consonants to form the beginning of a syllable, such as `sw`, `tw`, `dw`, `kw`, `skw`, `gw`… The most common and often mispronounced combination is `kw`, specifically `kwɒ` and `kwɔː`. For example, the word *quart* is pronounced `/kwɔːt/`, but it is often misconstrued as `/kɔːt/`, which sounds like *court*. The key to getting this right is to make a lip movement for the `ʊ` sound after the `k` sound; otherwise, `kw` just becomes `k`. This distinction is incredibly noticeable to native speakers.

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.3.1-structure.md

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 > * `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/east-us.mp3"></span>
 > * `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/task-us.mp3"></span>
 > * `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/speed-us.mp3"></span>
+> * `cccvc`: *spring* `/sprɪŋ/`
 > * `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/thrust-us.mp3"></span>
 > * `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/text-us.mp3"></span>
 > * `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flexed-us.mp3"></span>