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xiaolai
2024-03-26 11:17:06 +08:00
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{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "f330d08f-fa3c-4cf4-bf53-136be20393e9",
"metadata": {
"scrolled": true
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# Install or update openai modules \n",
"%pip install openai\n",
"# %pip install --upgrade openai"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "71ad2e48-3b33-42d3-8e4c-9f89c61110de",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# Load Modules\n",
"from openai import OpenAI\n",
"import IPython\n",
"from datetime import datetime"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "a1a72146-6815-49b2-b516-3177a69470f2",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"client = OpenAI(\n",
" # replace openai api key below (which is invalid) with your own\n",
" api_key=\"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\" \n",
")"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "2066aba4-cdc1-4c27-8d6b-a902cab3e184",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"role_definition = \"\"\"\n",
"你是我的英语教练。\n",
"请将我的话改写成英文。\n",
"不需要逐字翻译。\n",
"请分析清楚我的内容，而后用英文重新逻辑清晰地组织它。\n",
"请使用地道的美式英语，纽约腔调。\n",
"请尽量使用日常词汇，尽量优先使用短语动词或者习惯用语。\n",
"每个句子最长不应该超过 20 个单词。\n",
"\"\"\"\n",
"\n",
"user_prompt = \"\"\"\n",
"人们对高管、首席执行官或庞大业务部门的领导者有不一样的憧憬。\n",
"他们认为，在那个级别的每个人都有足够的经验和智慧，至少看起来知道自己在做什么。\n",
"他们假定那里有深思熟虑、战略和长远思考，以及握手言和的合理交易。\n",
"但有些时候，它是高中；甚至有些时候，它是幼儿园。\n",
"\"\"\"\n",
"\n",
"# how many versions needed.\n",
"number_of_choices = 3\n",
"\n",
"# your openai subscription might not support gpt-4...\n",
"# gpt-3.5 is ok too.\n",
"rspd_translation = client.chat.completions.create(\n",
" model=\"gpt-4\",\n",
" messages=[\n",
" {\n",
" \"role\": \"system\", \n",
" \"content\": role_definition\n",
" },\n",
" {\n",
" \"role\": \"user\", \n",
" \"content\": user_prompt\n",
" }\n",
" ],\n",
" n = number_of_choices \n",
")\n",
"\n",
"for rspd in rspd_translation.choices:\n",
" print(f\"{rspd.index+1}.\\n{rspd.message.content}\\n\\n\")"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "4a92f81f-fe8d-4cc8-a770-13ea1e12259f",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# Create audios for each versions (three was set as default previously.)\n",
"\n",
"voice_performer = \"alloy\"\n",
"# alloy, echo, fable, onyx, nova, and shimmer, the last two of which are femail voices.\n",
"\n",
"for i in range(number_of_choices):\n",
" speech_file_path = f'{datetime.now().strftime(\"%Y%m%d_%H%M%S\")}_speech.mp3'\n",
" \n",
" rspd_audio = client.audio.speech.create(\n",
" model=\"tts-1\",\n",
" voice=voice_performer,\n",
" input=rspd_translation.choices[i].message.content\n",
" )\n",
" \n",
" rspd_audio.stream_to_file(speech_file_path)\n",
" \n",
" IPython.display.Audio(speech_file_path)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "d28f1714-bdbe-4f29-b52c-56a07af6d60e",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# Or else, you could rewrite your own version for open ai tts\n",
"your_version = \"\"\"\n",
"Let's look at both ends of the spectrum. On one end, we see the physical decline of the majority... and on the other? A group is gaining strength through exercise, a feat impossible for our ancestors.\n",
"\n",
"Most modern people, perhaps top 20%, can only manage more than 10 push-ups. Our ancestors might have been stronger, but how many of them could do 100 push-ups? Can you guess the world record? In 1980, Minoru Yoshida of Japan did 10,507. In 1993, Charles Servizio of the US did 46,001 in just over 21 hours...\n",
"\n",
"Physical limits are constantly being pushed, and although still a small percentage, more and more people are getting stronger.\n",
"\n",
"The 1908 Olympic marathon record was 2 hours, 55 minutes, 18 seconds. Today, it's around 2 hours, 2 minutes, 57 seconds, shaving off over 50 minutes, that is, 30% reduction of time. More than a hundred years ago, only one person could run 2 hours, 55 minutes, 18 seconds; few could even manage 3 hours and 5 minites. Nowadays, each year, around 30,000 people are eligible to participate in the Boston Marathon because they can run faster than the minimum qualifying time of 3 hours 5 minutes.\n",
"\n",
"These are the impacts the Industrial Revolution had on human physical fitness:\n",
"\n",
"More people are becoming physically weaker (e.g., from 20% to 90%) \n",
"\n",
"Fewer people are exercising (e.g., from 20% to 10%) \n",
"\n",
"But, of those exercising, more are seeing better results (e.g., from 20% of 20% to 80% of 10%) \n",
"\n",
"The best results among exercisers were unimaginable before (e.g., 46,000 push-ups) \n",
"\n",
"The gap between first and second place keeps widening, and it's quite shocking (e.g., second place might only manage 20,000 push-ups)\n",
"\n",
"Let's ponder for a moment, how the sudden emergence and rapid development of artificial intelligence might impact our mental capabilities?\n",
"\n",
"Just as the Industrial Revolution gradually lessened the physical demands on humans for survival, our cognitive needs are also continuously decreasing. The universal biological principle of \"use it or lose it\" is constantly shaping our brains.\n",
"\n",
"This isn't specific to the age of AI, it's a trend that's been ongoing for years. One of the reasons why consumer society has greatly advanced in the past few decades is because of the widespread application of idiot-proof design principle - products or services designed to be used with no prior learning or thinking, so that they're ready-to-use, making them potential bestsellers.\n",
"\n",
"Now, this trend is being exponentially amplified by AI, which makes learning easier than ever before. Even if learning or thinking becomes necessary, AI has made it less demanding, thus significantly reducing the costs of both. \"Use it or lose it\" becomes \"use only if necessary, discard if not.\"\n",
"\n",
"Therefore, the general impact of AI on our intellectual abilities parallels, if not matches, the effect the Industrial Revolution had on our physical strength.\n",
"\n",
"More people are becoming mentally weaker\n",
"\n",
"Fewer people are exercising\n",
"\n",
"But, of those exercising, more are seeing better results\n",
"\n",
"The best results among exercisers were unimaginable before\n",
"\n",
"The gap between first and second place keeps widening, and it'd be much more shocking\n",
"\"\"\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "4696c0dc-8983-475b-b376-ec0f059cffa8",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# Create the audio of your version\n",
"speech_file_path = f'{datetime.now().strftime(\"%Y%m%d_%H%M%S\")}_speech.mp3'\n",
"\n",
"voice_performer = \"echo\"\n",
"# alloy, echo, fable, onyx, nova, and shimmer, the last two of which are femail voices.\n",
"\n",
"rspd_audio = client.audio.speech.create(\n",
" model=\"tts-1\",\n",
" voice=voice_performer,\n",
" input=your_version\n",
")\n",
"\n",
"rspd_audio.stream_to_file(speech_file_path)\n",
"\n",
"IPython.display.Audio(speech_file_path)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "2c52f66b-acc0-46ec-9d7d-326c86387e55",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"wordlist = your_version.split()\n",
"print(wordlist)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "30514938-5810-4017-acb6-07521fe7e4a1",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"for p in ['alloy', 'nova']:\n",
" for i in range(3): \n",
" for w in wordlist:\n",
" voice_performer = p\n",
" # alloy, echo, fable, onyx, nova, and shimmer, the last two of which are femail voices.\n",
" rspd_audio = client.audio.speech.create(\n",
" model=\"tts-1\",\n",
" voice=voice_performer,\n",
" input=w\n",
" )\n",
" speech_file_path = f\"ə-{wordlist.index(w) + 1}-{voice_performer}-{w}-0{i}.mp3\"\n",
" rspd_audio.stream_to_file(speech_file_path)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "ddd8a182-c5fd-4266-9a24-ecea13fb3207",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "472eb5e1-5215-4523-997c-68817f02cc57",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "44b9b94d-338d-43c9-84d6-1153439b5e0e",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"id": "f7800e33-64f7-49d4-b08f-778b0667fc18",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"from openai import OpenAI\n",
"from dotenv import load_dotenv\n",
"\n",
"load_dotenv()\n",
"client = OpenAI(\n",
")"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 5,
"id": "fb3e96f3-e753-492a-9ae2-69905bbbbf6a",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"['cup', 'father', 'head', 'hat', 'above', 'mother', 'bird', 'sheep', 'ship', 'horse', 'blue', 'foot', 'day', 'eye', 'boy', 'nose', 'mouth', 'ear', 'hair', 'pure', 'fire', 'hour', 'pen', 'book', 'town', 'cutting', 'day', 'cat', 'give', 'fish', 'very', 'say', 'zoo', 'think', 'this', 'she', 'vision', 'hand', 'cheese', 'jump', 'moon', 'name', 'sing', 'look', 'run', 'we', 'yes']\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"wordlist = \"\"\"cup,father,head,hat,above,mother,bird,sheep,ship,horse,blue,foot,day,eye,boy,nose,mouth,ear,hair,pure,fire,hour,pen,book,town,cutting,day,cat,give,fish,very,say,zoo,think,this,she,vision,hand,cheese,jump,moon,name,sing,look,run,we,yes\"\"\"\n",
"words = wordlist.strip().split(',')\n",
"print(words)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 6,
"id": "49eebe8f-de09-47bf-8c7d-f7c610b2bec1",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stderr",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"/var/folders/k_/t1vf2gd95jbc1j3k49xxdfy80000gn/T/ipykernel_75584/4012291107.py:11: DeprecationWarning: Due to a bug, this method doesn't actually stream the response content, `.with_streaming_response.method()` should be used instead\n",
" rspd_audio.stream_to_file(speech_file_path)\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"for p in ['alloy', 'nova']:\n",
" for w in words:\n",
" voice_performer = p\n",
" # alloy, echo, fable, onyx, nova, and shimmer, the last two of which are femail voices.\n",
" rspd_audio = client.audio.speech.create(\n",
" model=\"tts-1\",\n",
" voice=voice_performer,\n",
" input=w\n",
" )\n",
" speech_file_path = f\"{w}-us-{\"male\" if p==\"alloy\" else \"female\"}.mp3\"\n",
" rspd_audio.stream_to_file(speech_file_path)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "e6525deb-267c-475f-a73a-7939c5bdca86",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
}
],
"metadata": {
"kernelspec": {
"display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
"language": "python",
"name": "python3"
},
"language_info": {
"codemirror_mode": {
"name": "ipython",
"version": 3
},
"file_extension": ".py",
"mimetype": "text/x-python",
"name": "python",
"nbconvert_exporter": "python",
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
"version": "3.12.1"
}
},
"nbformat": 4,
"nbformat_minor": 5
}

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@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 16,
"id": "e6525deb-267c-475f-a73a-7939c5bdca86",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stderr",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"/var/folders/k_/t1vf2gd95jbc1j3k49xxdfy80000gn/T/ipykernel_17239/1823463615.py:29: DeprecationWarning: Due to a bug, this method doesn't actually stream the response content, `.with_streaming_response.method()` should be used instead\n",
" rspd_audio.stream_to_file(speech_file_path)\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"from openai import OpenAI\n",
"import IPython\n",
"from datetime import datetime\n",
"import sys\n",
"from dotenv import load_dotenv\n",
"import os\n",
"\n",
"load_dotenv()\n",
"client = OpenAI(\n",
")\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"text = \"\"\"\n",
"People's opinions vary from individual to individual.\n",
"\"\"\"\n",
"# Create audios for each versions (three was set as default previously.)\n",
"\n",
"for v in [\"alloy\", \"nova\"]:\n",
" # alloy, echo, fable, onyx, nova, and shimmer, the last two of which are femail voices.\n",
" \n",
" speech_file_path = f'sentence-{text.split(\" \")[1]}-{text.split(\" \")[2]}-{v}.mp3'\n",
" \n",
" rspd_audio = client.audio.speech.create(\n",
" model=\"tts-1\",\n",
" voice=v,\n",
" input=text\n",
" )\n",
" \n",
" rspd_audio.stream_to_file(speech_file_path)\n",
" \n",
" # IPython.display.Audio(speech_file_path)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "603fb48b-2fd5-482c-9c96-38a65fc43824",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
}
],
"metadata": {
"kernelspec": {
"display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
"language": "python",
"name": "python3"
},
"language_info": {
"codemirror_mode": {
"name": "ipython",
"version": 3
},
"file_extension": ".py",
"mimetype": "text/x-python",
"name": "python",
"nbconvert_exporter": "python",
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
"version": "3.12.1"
}
},
"nbformat": 4,
"nbformat_minor": 5
}

20
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.1-stop.md
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@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ Consider the word *hotdog*. You can't hear the `t`, but the articulation is comp
There are several types of *stops* in English:
> * 唇塞音：`p`、`b`、`m`、`f`、`v` —— I just cannot *hel**p*** myself. 第四个单词 `/help/` 末尾的 `p` 就是一个唇塞音。
> * **Bilabial stop**: As in *I just cannot *hel**p*** myself*, the `p` in `/help/` is a labial stop.
> * 齿塞音：`θ`、`ð` —— I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother. 第四个单词 `/pæθ/` 末尾的 `θ` 就是一个齿塞音。
> * **Dental stop**: `θ`, `ð` - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*, the final `θ` in `/pæθ/` is a dental stop.
> * 龈塞音: `t`、`d` —— He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss. 第二个单词 `/traɪd/` 末尾的 `d` 就是一个龈塞音。
> * **Alveolar stop**: `t`, `d` - As in *He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss*, where the final `d` in `/traɪd/` is an alveolar stop.
> * 喉塞音：`k`, `g`, `t` —— IPA 里用 `ʔ`标注。 I don't *thin**k** that* is true. 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音，`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。 *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/` 是另外一个例子…… `t` 也有可能用这个喉塞音，比如，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`，或者 `/ˈneʔwɝːk/`。
> * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g`, `t` - In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol `ʔ`. Take the sentence *I don't think that's true* for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example is the word *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`. Also, `t` can sometimes be replaced with a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/` or *network* `/ˈneʔwɝːk/`.
> * 唇塞音：`p`、`b`、`m`、`f`、`v` —— *I just cannot hel**p** myself*. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-nova.mp3"></span> 第四个单词 `/help/` 末尾的 `p` 就是一个唇塞音。
> * **Bilabial stop**: As in *I just cannot hel**p** myself* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-nova.mp3"></span>, the `p` in `/help/` is a labial stop.
> * 齿塞音：`θ`、`ð` —— *I wish the pa**th** to success was smoother.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-nova.mp3"></span> 第四个单词 `/pæθ/` 末尾的 `θ` 就是一个齿塞音。
> * **Dental stop**: `θ`, `ð` - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-nova.mp3"></span>, the final `θ` in `/pæθ/` is a dental stop.
> * 龈塞音: `t`、`d` —— *He trie**d** to discuss his idea with his boss.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-nova.mp3"></span> 第二个单词 `/traɪd/` 末尾的 `d` 就是一个龈塞音。
> * **Alveolar stop**: `t`, `d` - As in *He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-nova.mp3"></span>, where the final `d` in `/traɪd/` is an alveolar stop.
> * 喉塞音：`k`, `g`, `t` —— IPA 里用 `ʔ`标注。 *I don't thin**k** that is true.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-nova.mp3"></span> 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音，`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。 *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span> 是另外一个例子…… `t` 也有可能用这个喉塞音，比如，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>，或者 `/ˈneʔwɝːk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>。
> * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g`, `t` - In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol `ʔ`. Take the sentence *I don't think that's true*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-nova.mp3"></span> for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example is the word *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>. Also, `t` can sometimes be replaced with a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span> or *network* `/ˈneʔwɝːk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>.
不管是哪一种，大多都是因为之前的一个辅音**虽然并未发出声音却动作完整**造成的。
@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ Regardless of the type, most of such stops occur when a previous consonant is fu
Apart from *stops*, a sentence can be divided into several *meaning groups*, each separated by an obvious *pause*.
比如，*I don't think I've got any milk left*. 这句话显然会被分割为至少两个**意群**：*I don't think* | *I've got any milk left*. 因为两个意群之间有**暂停**，所以 *think* `/θɪŋk/` 末尾的 `k` 不会与后面的只有一个元音的单音节词汇 *I* `/aɪ/` 连在一起。另外，请注意这里的 *milk* —— 这个词你专门练过 —— 它末尾的 `k` 是个**喉塞音**……
比如，*I don't think I've got any milk left*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-i-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-i-nova.mp3"></span>. 这句话显然会被分割为至少两个**意群**：*I don't think* | *I've got any milk left*. 因为两个意群之间有**暂停**，所以 *think* `/θɪŋk/` 末尾的 `k` 不会与后面的只有一个元音的单音节词汇 *I* `/aɪ/` 连在一起。另外，请注意这里的 *milk* —— 这个词你专门练过 —— 它末尾的 `k` 是个**喉塞音**……
For example, the sentence "*I don't think I've got any milk left.*" would likely be split into two meaning groups: "*I don't think*" and "*I've got any milk left.*" Because there's a *pause* between these groups, the `k` at the end of *think* doesn't connect with the following monosyllabic word *I*. Additionally, note the word *milk* - a word you've intensely practiced before - at the end, where there's a *glottal stop* with the `k` sound.
For example, the sentence "*I don't think I've got any milk left.*"<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-i-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-i-nova.mp3"></span> would likely be split into two meaning groups: "*I don't think*" and "*I've got any milk left.*" Because there's a *pause* between these groups, the `k` at the end of *think* doesn't connect with the following monosyllabic word *I*. Additionally, note the word *milk* - a word you've intensely practiced before - at the end, where there's a *glottal stop* with the `k` sound.
**停顿**（*stop*）与**暂停**（*pause*）可以用**可否换气**进行区分：

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.2-cv.md
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@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@
A syllable can be formed by a "consonant + vowel" combination within a word. Within the same *meaning group*, if a word *ending in a consonant* meets a word *beginning with a vowel*, the final consonant of the first word and the initial vowel of the second word *may well* blend together when spoken, sounding as if they form a single *syllable*, which is often referred to as *linking*.
比如在 *People's opinions vary from individual to individual.* 在这句话中，*People's* 末尾的 `z` 和 *opinions* 开头的 `o` 会连在一起，`/pi-pəl-zə-ˈpɪ-njənz/` —— 感觉上是在读一整个由 *5* 个音节构成的词汇一样……
比如在 *People's opinions vary from individual to individual.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-opinions-vary-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-opinions-vary-nova.mp3"></span> 在这句话中，*People's* 末尾的 `z` 和 *opinions* 开头的 `ə` 会连在一起，`/pi-pəl-zə-ˈpɪ-njənz/` —— 感觉上是在读一整个由 *5* 个音节构成的词汇一样……
For instance, when saying *People's opinions vary from individual to individual*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-opinions-vary-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-opinions-vary-nova.mp3"></span>, the `s` at the end of *People's* and the `ə` at the start of *opinions* seamlessly connect, making it sound like a five-syllable word: /pi-pəl-zə-ˈpɪ-njənz/. It feels as if you're pronouncing a single, lengthy word.
这类**连读**中有相当难度乃至于必须刻意练习的其实只有两种，`t` 和 `l` 构成的连读。
there are two particular types which are quite challenging and require deliberate practice. These involve the use of `t` and `l`, respectively.
There are two particular types which are quite challenging and require deliberate practice. These involve the use of `t` and `l`, respectively.
在美式英语里，`t` 有个特殊的现象，它夹在两个元音之间的时候会被浊化，被读成弹舌音，用 `t̬` 表示，听起来接近 `d`…… 比如，在 city `/ˈsɪt̬i/` 这个词汇里， `t` 就夹在两个元音之间。