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@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ Consider the word *hotdog*. You can't hear the `t`, but the articulation is comp
There are several types of *stops* in English:
> * 唇塞音:`p`、`b`、`m`、`f`、`v` —— I just cannot *hel**p*** myself. 第四个单词 `/help/` 末尾的 `p` 就是一个唇塞音。
> * **Bilabial stop**: As in *I just cannot *hel**p*** myself*, the `p` in `/help/` is a labial stop.
> * 齿塞音:`θ`、`ð` —— I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother. 第四个单词 `/pæθ/` 末尾的 `θ` 就是一个齿塞音。
> * **Dental stop**: `θ`, `ð` - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*, the final `θ` in `/pæθ/` is a dental stop.
> * 龈塞音: `t`、`d` —— He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss. 第二个单词 `/traɪd/` 末尾的 `d` 就是一个龈塞音。
> * **Alveolar stop**: `t`, `d` - As in *He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss*, where the final `d` in `/traɪd/` is an alveolar stop.
> * 喉塞音:`k`, `g`, `t` —— IPA 里用 `ʔ`标注。 I don't *thin**k** that* is true. 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音,`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。 *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/` 是另外一个例子…… `t` 也有可能用这个喉塞音,比如,*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`,或者 `/ˈneʔːk/`
> * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g`, `t` - In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol `ʔ`. Take the sentence *I don't think that's true* for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example is the word *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`. Also, `t` can sometimes be replaced with a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/` or *network* `/ˈneʔːk/`.
> * 唇塞音:`p`、`b`、`m`、`f`、`v` —— *I just cannot hel**p** myself*. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-nova.mp3"></span> 第四个单词 `/help/` 末尾的 `p` 就是一个唇塞音。
> * **Bilabial stop**: As in *I just cannot hel**p** myself* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-nova.mp3"></span>, the `p` in `/help/` is a labial stop.
> * 齿塞音:`θ`、`ð` —— *I wish the pa**th** to success was smoother.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-nova.mp3"></span> 第四个单词 `/pæθ/` 末尾的 `θ` 就是一个齿塞音。
> * **Dental stop**: `θ`, `ð` - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-nova.mp3"></span>, the final `θ` in `/pæθ/` is a dental stop.
> * 龈塞音: `t`、`d` —— *He trie**d** to discuss his idea with his boss.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-nova.mp3"></span> 第二个单词 `/traɪd/` 末尾的 `d` 就是一个龈塞音。
> * **Alveolar stop**: `t`, `d` - As in *He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-nova.mp3"></span>, where the final `d` in `/traɪd/` is an alveolar stop.
> * 喉塞音:`k`, `g`, `t` —— IPA 里用 `ʔ`标注。 *I don't thin**k** that is true.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-nova.mp3"></span> 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音,`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。 *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span> 是另外一个例子…… `t` 也有可能用这个喉塞音,比如,*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>,或者 `/ˈneʔːk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g`, `t` - In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol `ʔ`. Take the sentence *I don't think that's true*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-nova.mp3"></span> for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example is the word *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>. Also, `t` can sometimes be replaced with a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span> or *network* `/ˈneʔːk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>.
不管是哪一种,大多都是因为之前的一个辅音**虽然并未发出声音却动作完整**造成的。
@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ Regardless of the type, most of such stops occur when a previous consonant is fu
Apart from *stops*, a sentence can be divided into several *meaning groups*, each separated by an obvious *pause*.
比如,*I don't think I've got any milk left*. 这句话显然会被分割为至少两个**意群***I don't think* | *I've got any milk left*. 因为两个意群之间有**暂停**,所以 *think* `/θɪŋk/` 末尾的 `k` 不会与后面的只有一个元音的单音节词汇 *I* `/aɪ/` 连在一起。另外,请注意这里的 *milk* —— 这个词你专门练过 —— 它末尾的 `k` 是个**喉塞音**……
比如,*I don't think I've got any milk left*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-i-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-i-nova.mp3"></span>. 这句话显然会被分割为至少两个**意群***I don't think* | *I've got any milk left*. 因为两个意群之间有**暂停**,所以 *think* `/θɪŋk/` 末尾的 `k` 不会与后面的只有一个元音的单音节词汇 *I* `/aɪ/` 连在一起。另外,请注意这里的 *milk* —— 这个词你专门练过 —— 它末尾的 `k` 是个**喉塞音**……
For example, the sentence "*I don't think I've got any milk left.*" would likely be split into two meaning groups: "*I don't think*" and "*I've got any milk left.*" Because there's a *pause* between these groups, the `k` at the end of *think* doesn't connect with the following monosyllabic word *I*. Additionally, note the word *milk* - a word you've intensely practiced before - at the end, where there's a *glottal stop* with the `k` sound.
For example, the sentence "*I don't think I've got any milk left.*"<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-i-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-i-nova.mp3"></span> would likely be split into two meaning groups: "*I don't think*" and "*I've got any milk left.*" Because there's a *pause* between these groups, the `k` at the end of *think* doesn't connect with the following monosyllabic word *I*. Additionally, note the word *milk* - a word you've intensely practiced before - at the end, where there's a *glottal stop* with the `k` sound.
**停顿***stop*)与**暂停***pause*)可以用**可否换气**进行区分: