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xiaolai
Lyric
@@ -237,6 +237,28 @@ export default withMermaid(
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},
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]
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},
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{
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text: "3.4. 连接",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.4-connecting",
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items: [
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{
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text: "3.4.1. 停顿",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.4.1-stop",
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},
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{
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text: "3.4.1. 辅音 + 元音",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.4.1-cv",
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},
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{
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text: "3.4.2. 辅音 + 辅音",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.4.2-cc",
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},
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{
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text: "3.4.2. 元音 + 元音",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.4.3-vv",
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},
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]
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},
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],
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},
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],
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@@ -14,20 +14,3 @@ Here are some universal features of all languages around the world:
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元音之于音节，正如细胞核之于细胞。
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A *vowel* is to a syllyble, just as a *nucleus* to a cell.
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音节由元音作为最基础要素构成，一个音节有且只有一个元音。
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音节的长短，主要是元音的长短……
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英文的音节相对就是更长…… 中国人说英语面临的问题 —— 会不由自主快出很多拍。
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多音节词汇，重音，次重音。
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一个音节对应中文的一个字，individual，`/ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl/`，相当于中文 5 个字的长度……
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People's opnions vary from individual to individual.
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人们的观念各不相同。
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@@ -8,15 +8,14 @@
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英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，`c` 代表辅音，`v` 代表元音）：
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* `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/awe-us.mp3"></span>
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* `vc`： *add* `/æd/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/add-us.mp3"></span>
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* `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/the-us.mp3"></span>
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* `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/dog-us.mp3"></span>
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* `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flee-us.mp3"></span>
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* `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/east-us.mp3"></span>
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* `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/task-us.mp3"></span>
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* `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/speed-us.mp3"></span>
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* `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/thrust-us.mp3"></span>
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* `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/text-us.mp3"></span>
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* `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flexed-us.mp3"></span>
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> * `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/awe-us.mp3"></span>
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> * `vc`： *add* `/æd/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/add-us.mp3"></span>
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> * `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/the-us.mp3"></span>
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> * `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/dog-us.mp3"></span>
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> * `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flee-us.mp3"></span>
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> * `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/east-us.mp3"></span>
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> * `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/task-us.mp3"></span>
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> * `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/speed-us.mp3"></span>
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> * `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/thrust-us.mp3"></span>
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> * `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/text-us.mp3"></span>
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> * `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flexed-us.mp3"></span>
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@@ -45,15 +45,13 @@ However, the word *individual*, which is composed of 5 syllables, would likely b
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英语里除了重音、次重音、非重音之外，还有**弱读音节**，比如被弱化成 `ə` 的 *schwa*。
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英语里除了**重音**、**次重音**、**非重音**之外，还有**弱读音节**，比如被弱化成 `ə` 的 *schwa*。
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In English, in addition to primary stress, secondary stress, and unstressed syllables, we also have weakly pronounced syllables, like the schwa (`ə`) sound that occurs when syllables are reduced.
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细细体会 *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` 这个词，如果每个音节都清晰地用同样的 stress 读出来的话，应该是 `/ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/`…… 这里面，第二个音节 `/dɪ/`里的元音 `ɪ` 被弱化为 `ə`；另外，第四个音节 `/dʒju/` 里的元音 `ju` 也被弱化成了 `ə`，但保留了 `u` 的音色；而处于音节末尾的 `l`，之前自带着轻微的 `ə`，于是连成了很轻的 `wəl`……
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细细体会 *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` 这个词，如果每个音节都清晰地用同样的强度读出来的话，应该是 `/ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/`…… 这里面，第 2 个音节 `/dɪ/`里的元音 `ɪ` 被弱化为 `ə`；另外，第 4 个音节 `/dʒju/` 里的元音 `ju` 也被弱化成了 `ə`，但保留了 `u` 的音色；而处于音节末尾的 `l`，之前自带着轻微的 `ə`，于是连成了很轻的 `wᵊl`……
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Let's Dig deep into the word *individual*, for example, pronounced `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/`. If each syllable was placed equal stress, it would sound something like /ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/... Within this pronunciation, the vowel `ɪ` in the second syllable `/dɪ/` is reduced to the schwa sound, `ə`; likewise, the vowel `ju` in the fourth syllable `/dʒju/` is also reduced to `ə`, but retains the coloration of `u`. The `l` at the end of the syllable, which originally carries a slight `ə` sound, thus becomes a very light `wəl`...
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Let's dig deep into the word *individual*, for example, it's pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/`. If each syllable was placed equal stress, it would sound something like /ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/... Within this pronunciation, the vowel `ɪ` in the second syllable `/dɪ/` is reduced to the schwa sound, `ə`; likewise, the vowel `ju` in the fourth syllable `/dʒju/` is also reduced to `ə`, but retains the coloration of `u`. The `l` at the end of the syllable, which originally carries a slight `ə` sound, thus becomes a very light `wᵊl`...
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26
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.4-connecting.md
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26
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.4-connecting.md
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# 3.4. 连接（Connecting）
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**音节**是自然语流的最基本单位，于是，自然语流就是由一连串的音节构成的…… 音节就好像是乐曲里的音符。单个音符放在那里往往并无意义，但，很多音符以不同的方式连在一起就能构成美妙的曲调。音节也一样，很多音节以不同的方式连在一起的时候，就有可能构成意义，用以表达或者沟通。
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*Syllables* are the basic building blocks of natural speech flow. Just like individual notes in a melody, one syllable alone often lacks meaning, but when strung together in various ways, they can create a wonderful tune. Similarly, when many syllables are combined, they can form meaningful expressions for communication.
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英文的音节构成方式很多（[3.3.1](3.3.1-structure)），每个音节围绕着唯一的元音，前后都可能有若干个辅音…… 于是，音节与音节连接在一起的时候，可能出现的情况总计 *4* 种：
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The construction of syllables in English is varied, each centering around a unique vowel that can be surrounded by several consonants. When syllables are linked together, there are *4* possible combinations:
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> * 元音 + 元音
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> * Vowel + Vowel
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> * 元音 + 辅音
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> * Vowel + Consonant
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> * 辅音 + 元音
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> * Consonant + Vowel
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> * 辅音 + 辅音
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> * Consonant + Consonant
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每一种组合都可能产生很多**音素上的变化**。在母语习得的过程中，这些变化是经年累月潜移默化学会的；格外有趣的是，人们对这些细节虽然已经非常熟练，却无法说不出具体的操作方法论。学外语的时候不一样 —— 尤其是已经识字的成年人 —— 可以参考语言学家们研究整理过的方法论，进而注意到每个细节，而后再通过反复逐个突破。
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Each combination can lead to a series of *phonetic variations*. These nuances are subtly acquired over years in our native language learning process. Interestingly, while we can use these details proficiently, we often cannot articulate exactly how we do it. However, when learning a foreign language - especially for literate adults - we can refer to strategies developed by linguists, paying attention to each detail and making breakthroughs through repetition.
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需要注意的是，当我们讨论多个音节组合在一起的时候，有两种情况。第一种情况是**多音节词汇** —— 当然是连着的一串音节。而另外一种情况其实也同样常见，在自然语流中更多的是多个词汇组合在一起构成的**意群** —— 实际上也是连着的一串音节。
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It's important to note that when discussing syllables strung together, there are two scenarios. The first is *polysyllabic words*, which are, of course, a series of connected syllables. The other common case involves *meaning groups* - combinations of several words that form a continuous string of syllables. Both are commonly found in natural speech flow.
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11
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.4.1-stop.md
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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.4.1-stop.md
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# 3.3.3 停顿（Stop）
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在自然语流中，多音节词汇里常常夹杂着停顿（*stop*）—— 这是很多初学者干脆感受不到的，所以，他们不是忽略了那些停顿，而是压根就不知道那里竟然存在停顿。
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比如，在 *hotdog* 这个词里，`t` 的声音是听不到的，但，它的舌尖动作却是**完整**的，所以，能够听到的不是 `/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/`，也不是 `/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`，而是 `/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/` —— 这里的 `·` 表示因 `t` 的舌尖动作完整却没有发出任何声音而产生的**停顿**。
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（先别着急，这类停顿是如何产生的，下一个章节会深入讲解。）
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另外一个常见的停顿来自于重读音节。当我们想要强调某个音节的时候，为了能把它读得相对较重，在此之前往往需要停顿一下 —— 做个准备。
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比如，你可以试着读一下 *absolutely* `/ˌæbsəˈlutli/`…… 为了把 `/lu/` 这个音节读成**重音**，你可能就会不由自主地在发出 `sə` 之后略微停顿一下…… 拿之前的例子 *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` 再试一下，若是在 `/vɪ/` 之前略微停顿一下，就能相对更为轻松地将它读成重音。
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