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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2-consonants.md
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# 2.2. 辅音（Consonants）
地球上的所有语言都一样，在自然语流中，**辅音**不会单独存在。单独的**元音**，可以构成**音节**，也可以构成或者表达意义。比如，*ah* <span class="pho alt">ɑː</span>, *oh* <span class="pho alt">oʊ</span>，或者 *Uh-Oh* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>。但，绝大多数**辅音**必须依附于**元音**才能构成**音节**，并且，单独的辅音也不能构成意义。
地球上的所有语言都一样，在自然语流中，**辅音**不会单独存在。单独的**元音**，可以构成**音节**，也可以构成或者表达意义。比如，*ah* <span class="pho alt">ɑː</span>, *oh* <span class="pho alt">oʊ</span>，或者 *Uh-Oh* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>。但，绝大多数**辅音**必须依附于**元音**才能构成**音节**[^1]，并且，单独的辅音也不能构成意义。
All languages on Earth follow a similar pattern: in the flow of natural speech, consonants *never* stand alone. Isolated vowels, however, can form syllables and convey meaning. For instance, you have sounds like *ah* <span class="pho alt">ɑː</span>, *oh* <span class="pho alt">oʊ</span>, or *O'Oh* <span class="pho alt">ˈɑoʊ</span>. But consonants almost always need to be attached to vowels to form *syllables*, and alone, they don't carry meaning.
All languages on Earth follow a similar pattern: in the flow of natural speech, consonants *never* stand alone. Isolated vowels, however, can form syllables and convey meaning. For instance, you have sounds like *ah* <span class="pho alt">ɑː</span>, *oh* <span class="pho alt">oʊ</span>, or *O'Oh* <span class="pho alt">ˈɑoʊ</span>. But consonants almost always need to be attached to vowels to form *syllables*, and alone, they don't carry meaning.
注意：有三个辅音，<span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>，被称作 “音节辅音”，因为它们自带 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的音色。比如，*bottle* <span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːtl</span>, *bottom* <span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːtm</span>, button <span class="pho alt">ˈbʌtn</span>。有些词典会用 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>，比如写成：
*bottle* <span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːtᵊl</span>, *bottom* <span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːtᵊm</span>, button <span class="pho alt">ˈbʌtᵊn</span>。剑桥词典的标注方式是：*bottle* <span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːt̬əl</span>, *bottom* <span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːt̬əm</span>, button <span class="pho alt">ˈbʌtən</span>……
Please note, in English, there are three consonants—<span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">m</span>, and <span class="pho">n</span>—that can act as "syllabic consonants." This means they carry a vocalic quality similar to the schwa sound (<span class="pho">ə</span>). For instance, in words like *bottle* (<span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːtl</span>), *bottom* (<span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːtm</span>), and *button* (<span class="pho alt">ˈbʌtn</span>), you can hear this quality. Some dictionaries use the symbol <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> to indicate this sound, rendering the words as follows: *bottle* (<span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːtᵊl</span>), *bottom* (<span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːtᵊm</span>), *button* (<span class="pho alt">ˈbʌtᵊn</span>). The Cambridge Dictionary, however, uses a slightly different notation: *bottle* (<span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːt̬əl</span>), *bottom* (<span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːt̬əm</span>), *button* (<span class="pho alt">ˈbʌtən</span>).