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@@ -51,17 +51,17 @@ There are many common words where <span class="pho">l</span> ends the syllable.
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> *fail* <span class="pho alt">feɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fail-us-female.mp3"></span>, *file* <span class="pho alt">faɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/file-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/file-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sell* <span class="pho alt">sel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sale* <span class="pho alt">seɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sale-us-female.mp3"></span>, *tell* <span class="pho alt">tel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/tell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *tale* <span class="pho alt">teɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/tale-us-female.mp3"></span>, *trail* <span class="pho alt">treɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/trail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/trail-us-female.mp3"></span>, *drill* <span class="pho alt">drɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/drill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/drill-us-female.mp3"></span>...
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注意，<span class="pho alt">ʌl</span> 没有 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的加音，因为 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 原本就非常相近。比如，*ultimate* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌltɪmət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>，或者 *result* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈzəlt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/result-us-female.mp3"></span>。另外，在自然语音中，<span class="pho alt">iːl</span> 要注意。比如， *reveal*，词典里的音标是 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːl</span>， 但它的确读做 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>，有加音 <span class="pho">ə</span>，但，*revealing*，读作 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːlɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>，没有加音 <span class="pho">ə</span>，可能是因为 <span class="pho">l</span> 被挪到后面和 <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> 构成了第三个音节 <span class="pho alt">lɪŋ</span>……
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注意，<span class="pho alt">ʌl</span> 没有 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的加音，因为 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 原本就非常相近。比如，*ultimate* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌltɪmət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>，或者 *result* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈzəlt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/result-us-female.mp3"></span>。另外，在自然语音中，<span class="pho alt">iːl</span> 要注意。比如， *reveal*，词典里的音标是 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːl</span>， 但它的确读做 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːᵊl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>，有加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>，但，*revealing*，读作 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːlɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>，没有加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>，可能是因为 <span class="pho">l</span> 被挪到后面和 <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> 构成了第三个音节 <span class="pho alt">lɪŋ</span>……
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Note that <span class="pho alt">ʌl</span> doesn't have the schwa (<span class="pho">ə</span>) sound added, since <span class="pho alt">ʌ</span> and <span class="pho">ə</span> are already very similar. For instance, *ultimate* <span class="pho alt">ˈəltəmət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *result* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈzəlt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/result-us-female.mp3"></span>. Also, pay attention to <span class="pho alt">iːl</span> in natural speech. For example, while *reveal* is noted as <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːl</span> in dictionary, and indeed pronounced as <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>, with the schwa sound, *revealing* is pronounced as <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːlɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>, without the schwa. This change might be due to the fact that the <span class="pho">l</span> sound has been moved to form a third syllable with <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> as <span class="pho alt">lɪŋ</span>.
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Note that <span class="pho alt">ʌl</span> doesn't have <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> sound added, since <span class="pho alt">ʌ</span> and <span class="pho">ə</span> are already very similar. For instance, *ultimate* <span class="pho alt">ˈəltəmət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *result* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈzəlt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/result-us-female.mp3"></span>. Also, pay attention to <span class="pho alt">iːl</span> in natural speech. For example, while *reveal* is noted as <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːl</span> in dictionary, and indeed pronounced as <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːᵊl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>, with <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> sound, *revealing* is pronounced as <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːlɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>, without <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>. This change might be due to the fact that the <span class="pho">l</span> sound has been moved to form a third syllable with <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> as <span class="pho alt">lɪŋ</span>.
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<span class="pho">l</span> 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的音色。比如，*little* <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtl̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/little-us-female.mp3"></span> —— <span class="pho">l</span> 下面多出的那一个点 <span class="pho">l̩</span> 的意思是说，这里的 <span class="pho">l̩</span> 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ᵊl</span>…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtᵊl</span> 或者 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtəl</span>。CEPD 里标注的是 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬əl</span>，因为 <span class="pho">t</span> 夹在两个元音之间，变成了弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>。
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<span class="pho">l</span> 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的音色。比如，*little* <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtl̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/little-us-female.mp3"></span> —— <span class="pho">l</span> 下面多出的那一个点 <span class="pho">l̩</span> 的意思是说，这里的 <span class="pho">l̩</span> 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ᵊl</span>…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtᵊl</span> 或者 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtəl</span>。CEPD 里标注的是 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬əl</span>，因为 <span class="pho">t</span> 夹在两个元音之间，变成了弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>。
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In linguistics, the letter <span class="pho">l</span> has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound <span class="pho">ə</span> naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtl̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/little-us-female.mp3"></span>, the dot under the <span class="pho">l</span> (<span class="pho">l̩</span>) indicates that this <span class="pho">l</span> is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to <span class="pho alt">ᵊl</span>. And many dictionaries simply denote it as <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtəl</span>. The pronunciation indicated in the CEPD is <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬əl</span>, for the <span class="pho">t</span> is sandwiched between two vowels, which in this case becomes a flapped <span class="pho">t̬</span>.
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In linguistics, the letter <span class="pho">l</span> has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtl̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/little-us-female.mp3"></span>, the dot under the <span class="pho">l</span> (<span class="pho">l̩</span>) indicates that this <span class="pho">l</span> is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to <span class="pho alt">ᵊl</span>. And many dictionaries simply denote it as <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtəl</span>. The pronunciation indicated in the CEPD is <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬əl</span>, for the <span class="pho">t</span> is sandwiched between two vowels, which in this case becomes a flapped <span class="pho">t̬</span>.
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英文中另外一个**音节辅音**是 <span class="pho">m</span>。例如，*chasm* <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzəm</span>, *prism* <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzəm</span>。
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英文中另外一个**音节辅音**是 <span class="pho">m</span>。例如，*chasm* <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzᵊm</span>, *prism* <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzᵊm</span>。
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Another *syllabic consonant* in English is <span class="pho">m</span>. For example, *chasm* <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，equivalent to <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzəm</span>, and *prism* <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，equivalent to <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzəm</span>.
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Another *syllabic consonant* in English is <span class="pho">m</span>. For example, *chasm* <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，equivalent to <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzᵊm</span>, and *prism* <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，equivalent to <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzᵊm</span>.
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## 拼写（Spellings）
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@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ There's another less noticeable yet equally crucial difference:
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>
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> In natural English speech, there are numerous *stop* sounds interspersed between syllables. We may not hear these sounds or see the articulator in action, but the actions are fully completed, meaning they also take up time.
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还没有完…… 记得吗？两个元音直接连在一起的时候，还有可能存在**加音**（<span class="pho">j/w</span>），以及很常见的 <span class="pho">l</span> 之前的加音 <span class="pho">ə</span>……
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还没有完…… 记得吗？两个元音直接连在一起的时候，还有可能存在**加音**（<span class="pho">ʲ/ʷ</span>），以及很常见的 <span class="pho">l</span> 之前的加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>……
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And there's more... remember? When two vowels are connected, there might also be a **glide sound** (<span class="pho">j/w</span>), and that common schwa <span class="pho">ə</span> added before <span class="pho">l</span>...
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And there's more... remember? When two vowels are connected, there might also be a **glide sound** (<span class="pho">ʲ/ʷ</span>), and that common schwa <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> added before <span class="pho">l</span>...
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所有这些细节加在一起，造成了一个格外普遍的现象：
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@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@
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有些词典，常常会用 <span class="pho">ɜ</span> 标注 <span class="pho">ə</span> 这个音。另外，针对美式发音，<span class="pho">əʳ</span> 会被写成 <span class="pho">ɚ</span>，<span class="pho">əːʳ</span> 会被写成 <span class="pho">ɜː</span> 或者 <span class="pho">ɝ</span>。
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注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的倾向，尤其是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>。比如，*individual*, <span class="pho">ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl</span>，实际上会被读作 <span class="pho">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/individual-us.mp3"></span> —— <span class="pho">jʊ</span> 也变成了 <span class="pho">ə</span>，而后 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 之间有个加音 <span class="pho">w</span>（[2.2.13](25-jw)）…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
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注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的倾向，尤其是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>。比如，*individual*, <span class="pho">ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl</span>，实际上会被读作 <span class="pho">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/individual-us.mp3"></span> —— <span class="pho">jʊ</span> 也变成了 <span class="pho">ə</span>，而后 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 之间有个加音 <span class="pho">ʷ</span>（[2.2.13](25-jw)）…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
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