08-19-1658, chapter 3.2.14
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xiaolai
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British (24)</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American (26)</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American (27)</strong></td>
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<td>D.J.</td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British (26)</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American (27)</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British (28)</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American (29)</strong></td>
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<td>D.J.</td>
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辅音可以根据发声时**声带**是否震动被分为清辅音（voiceless consonants）与浊辅音（voiced consonants）。清辅音只有气流震动，没有声带振动，而浊辅音的气流震动却伴有声带振动。比如，<span class="pho">s</span> 是清辅音，<span class="pho">z</span> 是浊辅音。
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| | 辅音（consonants） |
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| --------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| 清辅音（voiceless） | <span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">k</span>, <span class="pho">f</span>, <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">h</span>, <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">ts</span> |
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| | 辅音（consonants） |
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| ------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| 清辅音（voiceless） | <span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">k</span>, <span class="pho">f</span>, <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">h</span>, <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">ts</span> |
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| 浊辅音（voiced） | <span class="pho">b</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">g</span>, <span class="pho">v</span>, <span class="pho">z</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span>, <span class="pho">r</span>, <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span>, <span class="pho">dz</span>, <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>, <span class="pho">ŋ</span>, <span class="pho">l</span> |
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注意：<span class="pho">w</span> 和 <span class="pho">y</span> 这两个辅音被称为**半元音** —— 无法用声带振动与否分类。
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辅音的另外一个划分，是根据口腔内**气流**振动的方式和位置。
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| 气流振动方式（Airflow） | 清浊与否（Voiced or not） | 辅音（Consonants） |
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| --------- | ------------- | ----------------------- |
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| 破擦音（Plosive） | 清辅音 | <span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">k</span> |
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| | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">b</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">g</span> |
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| 摩擦音（Fricative） | 清辅音 | <span class="pho">f</span>, <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">h</span> |
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| | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">v</span>, <span class="pho">z</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span> |
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| 塞擦音（Affricate） | 清辅音 | <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">ts</span> |
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| | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span>, <span class="pho">dz</span> |
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| 鼻音（Nasal） | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>, <span class="pho">ŋ</span> |
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| 边擦音（Lateral） | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">r</span> |
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| 半元音（Semivowel） | | <span class="pho">j</span>, <span class="pho">w</span> |
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| 气流振动方式（Airflow） | 清浊与否（Voiced or not） | 辅音（Consonants） |
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| ----------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| 破擦音（Plosive） | 清辅音 | <span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">k</span> |
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| | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">b</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">g</span> |
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| 摩擦音（Fricative） | 清辅音 | <span class="pho">f</span>, <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">h</span> |
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| | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">v</span>, <span class="pho">z</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span> |
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| 塞擦音（Affricate） | 清辅音 | <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">ts</span> |
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| | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span>, <span class="pho">dz</span> |
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| 鼻音（Nasal） | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>, <span class="pho">ŋ</span> |
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| 边擦音（Lateral） | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">r</span> |
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| 半元音（Semivowel） | | <span class="pho">j</span>, <span class="pho">w</span> |
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作为初学者，**你无需尝试记忆这些分类和术语** —— 除非将来你有多余的时间精力。这些语言学的概念，并不构成任何学习障碍。你需要了解的只不过是分类的**依据**：**声带振动与否**，以及**气流振动方式和位置**。
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| Positions of tongue tip | Consonants |
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| :---------------------: | :---------------------------------------------- |
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| ① | <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span> |
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| ② | <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">z</span> |
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| Positions of tongue tip | Consonants |
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| :---------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| ① | <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span> |
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| ② | <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">z</span> |
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| ③ | <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span>, <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span> |
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| ④ | <span class="pho">r</span> |
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| ④ | <span class="pho">r</span> |
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[^1]: *Uh-Oh* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌ.oʊ</span> 实际上有个隐藏的辅音，喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>，完整的音标应该是 <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔ.oʊ</span>……
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## 3.2.11.4. 加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>
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当 <span class="pho">æ</span> 在 <span class="pho">m</span> 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 进去，比如，Sam <span class="pho alt">sæm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sam-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sam-us-female.mp3"></span>，会被他们读成 <span class="pho alt">sæᵊm</span> —— 也有一定道理，因为 <span class="pho">m</span> 的确是音节辅音。
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当 <span class="pho">æ</span> 在 <span class="pho">m</span> 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 进去，比如，Sam <span class="pho alt">sæm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sam-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sam-us-female.mp3"></span>，会被他们读成 <span class="pho alt">sæᵊm</span> —— 也有一定道理，因为 <span class="pho">m</span> 的确是音节辅音 —— 例如，*chasm* <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzᵊm</span>, *prism* <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzᵊm</span>。
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## 拼写（Spellings）
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# 2.2.14. <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">r</span>
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# 3.2.12. <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">r</span>
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<span class="pho">l</span> 发声时舌尖起始位置与 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 相同 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
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## 3.2.12.1. 示例
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When pronouncing the 'l' sound, the tip of the tongue starts in the same position as it does for 't/d', i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>D.J.</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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<td>IPA</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">l</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_look_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>l</b>ure <span class="pho alt">luː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/lure-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/lure-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">l</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_look_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>l</b>ure <span class="pho alt">luː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lure-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lure-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">r</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_run_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>r</b>edraw <span class="pho alt">ˌriːˈdrɔː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/redraw-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/redraw-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">r</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_run_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>r</b>edraw <span class="pho alt">ˌriːˈdrɔː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/redraw-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/redraw-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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## 3.2.12.2. 舌尖起始位置
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<span class="pho">r</span> 发声时舌尖起始位置相对更加靠后 —— 即，位置 ④（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）
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<span class="pho">l</span> 发声时舌尖起始位置与 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 相同 —— 即，位置 ③：
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For the 'r' sound, the tongue's tip begins a bit further back, i.e. position ④ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg"></img></td>
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<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-td.svg"></img></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<span class="pho">r</span> 发声时舌尖起始位置相对更加靠后 —— 即，位置 ④：
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg"></img></td>
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<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-r.svg"></img></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<span class="pho">l</span> 和 <span class="pho">r</span> 处于音节开头的时候，人们一般不会觉得困难，比如 *lot* <span class="pho alt">lɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lot-us-female.mp3"></span> 或者 *rot* <span class="pho alt">rɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/rot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/rot-us-female.mp3"></span>……
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Pronouncing <span class="pho">l</span> and <span class="pho">r</span> at the beginning of syllables usually is of no difficulty at all, for example in words like *lot*' <span class="pho alt">lɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lot-us-female.mp3"></span> or *rot* <span class="pho alt">rɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/rot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/rot-us-female.mp3"></span>…
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## 3.2.12.3. 加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>
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<span class="pho">l</span> 的困难总是来自于它们处在音节末尾的时候。
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The difficulty with <span class="pho">l</span> often arises when it's at the end of a syllable.
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不妨尝试着先读一下 *milk* <span class="pho alt">mɪlk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/milk-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/milk-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 很多人读出来的实际上是 <span class="pho alt">mjʊk</span>……
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Feel free to give the word *milk* <span class="pho alt">mɪlk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/milk-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/milk-us-female.mp3"></span> a try... Many people actually pronounce it more like <span class="pho alt">mjʊk</span>...
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<span class="pho">l</span> 在音节末尾的时候，有一个看不到的动作，舌尖会向前向上移动直至贴到龈脊。于是，音节末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span> 之前会有一个加音，轻微的 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>。
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<span class="pho">l</span> 在音节末尾的时候，有一个看不到的动作，舌尖会向前向上移动直至贴到龈脊。于是，音节末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span> 会掺杂着一个轻微的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的元音音色。
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There's a hidden motion when the <span class="pho">l</span> is at the end of a syllable. The tip of the tongue moves forward and upward until it touches the *alveolar ridge*. Therefore, the <span class="pho">l</span> at the end of a syllable has a slight vowel sound <span class="pho">ə</span> mixed in.
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说实话，倒也不是特别难，这只不过是几分钟就可以解决的问题。
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Actually, it's not too challenging. With just a few minutes, it can be easily corrected.
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> * 先反复说 <span class="pho">ə... əl... ə... əl...</span> 这里格外需要注意：嘴唇张开之后没有其它动作，**不要带嘴唇变化造成的 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音色**；从 <span class="pho">ə</span> 到 <span class="pho">l</span> 的过程中，保持声带振动，剩余的全靠舌尖移动完成……
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> * Start by repeating <span class="pho">ə... əl... ə... əl...</span> Here's a crucial point: after opening lips, make *no* other movements. Avoid adding the sound of <span class="pho">ʊ</span> caused by lip changes. During the transition from <span class="pho">ə</span> to <span class="pho">əl</span>, while maintaining vocal cord vibration, let the tip of your tongue handle the rest...
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> * 接着直接反复说 <span class="pho">əl... əl...</span>
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> * Next, repeating <span class="pho">əl... əl...</span>
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> * 再反复说 <span class="pho">əlk... əlk...</span>
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> * Follow with repeating <span class="pho">əlk... əlk...</span>
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> * 现在反复说 <span class="pho">mɪəlk... mɪəlk...</span> 现在需要格外注意：为了 <span class="pho">m</span> 发声所以需要张开嘴唇，但，**此后嘴唇没有其他动作，否则会带着 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音色**……
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> * Now, keep saying <span class="pho">mɪəlk... mɪəlk...</span>. Again, pay special attention here: lips are opened to make the <span class="pho">m</span> sound, but after that, there should be no other lip movement, thus avoiding unnecessary <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound.
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> * 现在反复说 <span class="pho">mɪəlk... mɪəlk...</span> 现在需要格外注意：为了 <span class="pho">m</span> 发声所以需要张开嘴唇，但，**此后嘴唇没有其他动作，否则会带着 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音色**……（另外一个需要注意的是，不要把 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 读成 <span class="pho">i</span>。）
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再用同样的方式练练 *girl* <span class="pho alt">ɡɝːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/girl-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/girl-us-female.mp3"></span>（常常会被误读成 <span class="pho alt">gəʊ</span>）, *world* <span class="pho alt">wɝːld</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/world-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/world-us-female.mp3"></span>（常常会被误读成 <span class="pho alt">wəʊd</span>）。
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|
||||
Practice pronouncing *girl* <span class="pho alt">ɡɝːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/girl-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/girl-us-female.mp3"></span> (often mispronounced as <span class="pho alt">gəʊl</span>) and *world* <span class="pho alt">wɝːld</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/world-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/world-us-female.mp3"></span> (often mispronounced as <span class="pho alt">wəʊd</span>) the same way.
|
||||
|
||||
以 <span class="pho">l</span> 处于音节末尾的常用词汇很多，读得时候要注意，要加上 <span class="pho">ə</span>，比如：
|
||||
|
||||
There are many common words where <span class="pho">l</span> ends the syllable. Be sure to include the <span class="pho">ə</span> sound when pronouncing them. For example:
|
||||
> * *fail* <span class="pho alt">feɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fail-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *file* <span class="pho alt">faɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/file-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/file-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *sell* <span class="pho alt">sel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sell-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *sale* <span class="pho alt">seɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sale-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *tell* <span class="pho alt">tel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tell-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *tale* <span class="pho alt">teɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tale-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *trail* <span class="pho alt">treɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/trail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/trail-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *drill* <span class="pho alt">drɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/drill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/drill-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
> *fail* <span class="pho alt">feɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fail-us-female.mp3"></span>, *file* <span class="pho alt">faɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/file-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/file-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sell* <span class="pho alt">sel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sale* <span class="pho alt">seɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sale-us-female.mp3"></span>, *tell* <span class="pho alt">tel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *tale* <span class="pho alt">teɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tale-us-female.mp3"></span>, *trail* <span class="pho alt">treɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/trail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/trail-us-female.mp3"></span>, *drill* <span class="pho alt">drɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/drill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/drill-us-female.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
> [!Note]
|
||||
>
|
||||
> <span class="pho alt">ʌl</span> 没有 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的加音，因为 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 原本就非常相近。比如，*ultimate* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌltɪmət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>，或者 *result* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈzəlt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/result-us-female.mp3"></span>。另外，在自然语音中，<span class="pho alt">iːl</span> 要注意。比如， *reveal*，词典里的音标是 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːl</span>， 但它的确读做 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːᵊl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>，有加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>，但，*revealing*，读作 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːlɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>，没有加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>，可能是因为 <span class="pho">l</span> 被挪到后面和 <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> 构成了第三个音节 <span class="pho alt">lɪŋ</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
注意，<span class="pho alt">ʌl</span> 没有 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的加音，因为 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 原本就非常相近。比如，*ultimate* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌltɪmət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>，或者 *result* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈzəlt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/result-us-female.mp3"></span>。另外，在自然语音中，<span class="pho alt">iːl</span> 要注意。比如， *reveal*，词典里的音标是 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːl</span>， 但它的确读做 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːᵊl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>，有加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>，但，*revealing*，读作 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːlɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>，没有加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>，可能是因为 <span class="pho">l</span> 被挪到后面和 <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> 构成了第三个音节 <span class="pho alt">lɪŋ</span>……
|
||||
<span class="pho">l</span> 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**（<span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">r</span>, <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>, 都是音节辅音），就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的音色。比如，*little* <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtl̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/little-us-female.mp3"></span> —— <span class="pho">l</span> 下面多出的那一个点 <span class="pho">l̩</span> 的意思是说，这里的 <span class="pho">l̩</span> 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ᵊl</span>…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtᵊl</span> 或者 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtəl</span>。《剑桥英语发声词典》中没有音节辅音符号，也没区分 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span>，标注的是 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬əl</span>（另外要注意：因为 <span class="pho">t</span> 夹在两个元音之间，变成了弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>）。
|
||||
|
||||
Note that <span class="pho alt">ʌl</span> doesn't have <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> sound added, since <span class="pho alt">ʌ</span> and <span class="pho">ə</span> are already very similar. For instance, *ultimate* <span class="pho alt">ˈəltəmət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *result* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈzəlt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/result-us-female.mp3"></span>. Also, pay attention to <span class="pho alt">iːl</span> in natural speech. For example, while *reveal* is noted as <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːl</span> in dictionary, and indeed pronounced as <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːᵊl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>, with <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> sound, *revealing* is pronounced as <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːlɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>, without <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>. This change might be due to the fact that the <span class="pho">l</span> sound has been moved to form a third syllable with <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> as <span class="pho alt">lɪŋ</span>.
|
||||
## 3.2.12.4. 舌尖起始位置比较
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">l</span> 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的音色。比如，*little* <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtl̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/little-us-female.mp3"></span> —— <span class="pho">l</span> 下面多出的那一个点 <span class="pho">l̩</span> 的意思是说，这里的 <span class="pho">l̩</span> 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ᵊl</span>…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtᵊl</span> 或者 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtəl</span>。CEPD 里标注的是 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬əl</span>，因为 <span class="pho">t</span> 夹在两个元音之间，变成了弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>。
|
||||
比较一下以下的辅音发声时**舌尖起始位置**的不同：
|
||||
|
||||
In linguistics, the letter <span class="pho">l</span> has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtl̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/little-us-female.mp3"></span>, the dot under the <span class="pho">l</span> (<span class="pho">l̩</span>) indicates that this <span class="pho">l</span> is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to <span class="pho alt">ᵊl</span>. And many dictionaries simply denote it as <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtəl</span>. The pronunciation indicated in the CEPD is <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬əl</span>, for the <span class="pho">t</span> is sandwiched between two vowels, which in this case becomes a flapped <span class="pho">t̬</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
英文中另外一个**音节辅音**是 <span class="pho">m</span>。例如，*chasm* <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzᵊm</span>, *prism* <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzᵊm</span>。
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">t/d</span> 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊的前部 ③；
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">s/z</span> 要相对于 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 往前一些，贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 ②；
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> 要相对于 <span class="pho">s/z</span>再往前一些，贴在牙齿上，或者伸出牙齿一点点 ①；
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样，接近但没有接触到龈脊的那个部位 ③；
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ③；
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">l</span> 和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ③；
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">r</span> 相对于 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 还要再往后一点，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ④……
|
||||
|
||||
Another *syllabic consonant* in English is <span class="pho">m</span>. For example, *chasm* <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，equivalent to <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzᵊm</span>, and *prism* <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，equivalent to <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzᵊm</span>.
|
||||
| Positions of tongue tip | Consonants |
|
||||
| :---------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||||
| ① | <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span> |
|
||||
| ② | <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">z</span> |
|
||||
| ③ | <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span>, <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span> |
|
||||
| ④ | <span class="pho">r</span> |
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
## 3.2.12.5. 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">l</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **l**
|
||||
* feel <span class="pho alt">fiːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/feel-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/feel-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* file <span class="pho alt">faɪl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/file-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/file-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* like <span class="pho alt">laɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/like-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/like-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **ll**
|
||||
* mill <span class="pho alt">mɪl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mill-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* call <span class="pho alt">kɔːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/call-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/call-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* thrill <span class="pho alt">θrɪl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thrill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thrill-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">r</span>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -78,3 +133,7 @@ Another *syllabic consonant* in English is <span class="pho">m</span>. For examp
|
||||
* read <span class="pho alt">riːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/read-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/read-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* road <span class="pho alt">roʊd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/road-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/road-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* ring <span class="pho alt">rɪŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ring-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ring-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **rr**
|
||||
* borrow <span class="pho alt">ˈbɑːr.oʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/borrow-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/borrow-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* carry <span class="pho alt">ˈker.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/carry-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/carry-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* hurry <span class="pho alt">ˈhɝː.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hurry-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hurry-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,22 +1,48 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.15. <span class="pho">j</span>, <span class="pho">w</span>
|
||||
# 3.2.13. <span class="pho">j</span>/<span class="pho">w</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">j</span> 和 <span class="pho">w</span> 是半元音。
|
||||
## 3.2.13.1. 示范
|
||||
|
||||
The sounds represented by <span class="pho">j</span> and <span class="pho">w</span> are semivowels in English.
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
|
||||
<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>D.J.</td>
|
||||
<td>例词（Example）</td>
|
||||
<td>IPA</td>
|
||||
<td>例词（Example）</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><span class="pho">w</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_we_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><b>w</b>orker <span class="pho alt">ˈwɜː.kə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/worker-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/worker-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><span class="pho">w</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_we_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><b>w</b>orker <span class="pho alt">ˈwɝː.kɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/worker-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/worker-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><span class="pho">j</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_yes_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><b>y</b>es <span class="pho alt">jes</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/yes-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/yes-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><span class="pho">j</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_yes_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><b>y</b>es <span class="pho alt">jes</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/yes-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/yes-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">j</span> 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>，比如 *you* <span class="pho alt">juː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/you-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 <span class="pho alt">iuː</span>。
|
||||
## 3.2.13.2. 半元音
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">w</span> 和 <span class="pho">j</span> 是半元音。
|
||||
|
||||
When <span class="pho">j</span> is connected to the following vowel, it is as if an <span class="pho">ɪ</span> sound is added in front of that vowel. For instance, the word *you* <span class="pho alt">juː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/you-us-female.mp3"></span>, pronounced the same as <span class="pho alt">ɪuː</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">w</span> 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 <span class="pho">ʊ</span>，比如 *way* <span class="pho">weɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/way-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/way-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 <span class="pho">ʊeɪ</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, when <span class="pho">w</span> is paired with a vowel, it's as if a <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound precedes that vowel. Take the word *way* <span class="pho alt">weɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/way-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/way-us-female.mp3"></span>, pronounced the same as <span class="pho alt">ʊeɪ</span>.
|
||||
<span class="pho">j</span> 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>，比如 *you* <span class="pho alt">juː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/you-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 <span class="pho alt">iuː</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">w</span> 可以和另外的辅音结合作为音节开头：<span class="pho">sw</span>、<span class="pho">tw</span>、<span class="pho">dw</span>、<span class="pho">kw</span>、<span class="pho">skw</span>、<span class="pho">gw</span>…… 这其中最容易出错也最常的是 <span class="pho">kw</span>，尤其是 <span class="pho">kwɒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">kwɔː</span>，比如，*quart* <span class="pho alt">kwɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quart-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quart-us-female.mp3"></span>，常常会被误读为 <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span>（听起来和 *court* <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/court-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/court-us-female.mp3"></span> 同音）；再比如，*quality* <span class="pho alt">ˈkwɔːlɪti</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quality-us-female.mp3"></span> 常常会被误读为 <span class="pho alt">ˈkɔːlɪti</span> —— 关键在于，<span class="pho">k</span> 的音之后有一个发出 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的嘴唇动作，否则 <span class="pho">kw</span> 就变成了 <span class="pho">k</span> —— 这个差异在母语使用者听起来异常地明显。
|
||||
## 3.2.13.3. 辅音 + <span class="pho">w</span>
|
||||
|
||||
The letter <span class="pho">w</span> can combine with other consonants to form the beginning of a syllable, such as <span class="pho">sw</span>, <span class="pho">tw</span>, <span class="pho">dw</span>, <span class="pho">kw</span>, <span class="pho">skw</span>, <span class="pho">gw</span>… The most common and often mispronounced combination is <span class="pho">kw</span>, specifically <span class="pho">kwɒ</span> and <span class="pho">kwɔː</span>. For example, the word *quart* is pronounced <span class="pho alt">kwɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quart-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quart-us-female.mp3"></span>, but it is often misconstrued as <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span>, which sounds like *court* <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/court-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/court-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *quality* <span class="pho alt">ˈkwɔːlɪti</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quality-us-female.mp3"></span> as <span class="pho alt">ˈkɔːlɪti</span>. The key to getting this right is to make a lip movement for the <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound after the <span class="pho">k</span> sound; otherwise, <span class="pho">kw</span> just becomes <span class="pho">k</span>. This distinction is incredibly noticeable to native speakers.
|
||||
<span class="pho">w</span> 可以和另外的辅音结合作为音节开头：<span class="pho">sw</span>、<span class="pho">tw</span>、<span class="pho">dw</span>、<span class="pho">kw</span>、<span class="pho">skw</span>、<span class="pho">gw</span>…… 这其中最容易出错也最常的是 <span class="pho">kw</span>，尤其是 <span class="pho">kwɒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">kwɔː</span>，比如，*quart* <span class="pho alt">kwɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quart-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quart-us-female.mp3"></span>，常常会被误读为 <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span>（听起来和 *court* <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/court-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/court-us-female.mp3"></span> 同音）；再比如，*quality* <span class="pho alt">ˈkwɑː.lə.t̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quality-us-female.mp3"></span> 常常会被误读为 <span class="pho alt">ˈkɔːlɪti</span> —— 关键在于，<span class="pho">k</span> 的音之后有一个发出 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的嘴唇动作，否则 <span class="pho">kw</span> 就变成了 <span class="pho">k</span> —— 这个差异在母语使用者听起来异常地明显。
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
## 3.2.13.4. 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">w</span>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,22 +1,41 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.9. <span class="pho">h</span>
|
||||
# 3.2.14. <span class="pho">h</span>
|
||||
|
||||
不管人们用什么样的语言，笑声总是一致的…… 因为地球人在发笑的时候都使用大致一样的声音，都包含 <span class="pho">h</span> 这个音 —— 于是，没有人会觉得 <span class="pho">h</span> 的发音有什么困难。
|
||||
|
||||
No matter what language people speak, laughter sounds the same... That's because people all over the world use roughly the same sound when they laugh, one that includes the <span class="pho">h</span> sound. As a result, no one finds it difficult to pronounce <span class="pho">h</span>.
|
||||
## 3.2.14.1. 示例
|
||||
|
||||
不过有一个细节需要注意。在日常对话中，不能么正式或者速度较快的时候，<span class="pho">h</span> 会被 “击穿”。比如，*Did he do that?* 这句话，更可能被说成 <span class="pho alt">dɪ diː duː ðæt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-he-do-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-he-do-nova.mp3"></span>，而不是正式的那样 <span class="pho alt">dɪd hiː duː ðæt</span>。
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
|
||||
<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>D.J.</td>
|
||||
<td>例词（Example）</td>
|
||||
<td>IPA</td>
|
||||
<td>例词（Example）</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><span class="pho">h</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_hand_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><b>h</b>ow <span class="pho alt">haʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/how-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/how-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><span class="pho">h</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_hand_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><b>h</b>ow <span class="pho alt">haʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/how-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/how-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
However, there's one detail to keep in mind. In everyday conversations, especially when speaking informally or quickly, the <span class="pho">h</span> sound can get "dropped." For example, the sentence *Did he do that?* is more likely to be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">dɪ diː duː ðæt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-he-do-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-he-do-nova.mp3"></span> rather than the formal one as <span class="pho alt">dɪd hiː duː ðæt</span>.
|
||||
## 3.2.14.2. 击穿
|
||||
|
||||
不过有一个细节需要注意。在日常对话中，不那么正式或者速度较快的时候，<span class="pho">h</span> 会被 “击穿”。比如，*Did he do that?* 这句话，更可能被说成 <span class="pho alt">dɪ diː duː ðæt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-he-do-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-he-do-nova.mp3"></span>，而不是正式的那样 <span class="pho alt">dɪd hiː duː ðæt</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
更多的例子比如：
|
||||
|
||||
For more examples:
|
||||
|
||||
* I heard him singing. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-heard-him-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-heard-him-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* Has he arrived yet? <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-he-arrived-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-he-arrived-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* He helped her with the project. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-helped-her-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-helped-her-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* His house is over there. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-house-is-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-house-is-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* He's holding the door. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-holding-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-holding-the-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * I heard him singing. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-heard-him-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-heard-him-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * Has he arrived yet? <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-he-arrived-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-he-arrived-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * He helped her with the project. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-helped-her-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-helped-her-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * His house is over there. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-house-is-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-house-is-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * He's holding the door. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-holding-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-holding-the-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -49,20 +49,7 @@
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ...</span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ...</span>
|
||||
|
||||
## 3.2.8.3.多个舌尖起始位置比较
|
||||
|
||||
比较一下以下的辅音发声时**舌尖起始位置**的不同：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">t/d</span> 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊的前部 ③；
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">s/z</span> 要相对于 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 往前一些，贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 ②；
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> 要相对于 <span class="pho">s/z</span>再往前一些，贴在牙齿上，或者伸出牙齿一点点 ①；
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样，接近但没有接触到龈脊的那个部位 ③；
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ③；
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">r</span> 相对于 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 还要再往后一点，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ④……
|
||||
|
||||
## 3.2.8.4. 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
## 3.2.8.3. 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ʧ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user