08-19-1658, chapter 3.2.14
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xiaolai
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辅音可以根据发声时**声带**是否震动被分为清辅音（voiceless consonants）与浊辅音（voiced consonants）。清辅音只有气流震动，没有声带振动，而浊辅音的气流震动却伴有声带振动。比如，<span class="pho">s</span> 是清辅音，<span class="pho">z</span> 是浊辅音。
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| | 辅音（consonants） |
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| --------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| 清辅音（voiceless） | <span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">k</span>, <span class="pho">f</span>, <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">h</span>, <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">ts</span> |
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| | 辅音（consonants） |
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| ------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| 清辅音（voiceless） | <span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">k</span>, <span class="pho">f</span>, <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">h</span>, <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">ts</span> |
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| 浊辅音（voiced） | <span class="pho">b</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">g</span>, <span class="pho">v</span>, <span class="pho">z</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span>, <span class="pho">r</span>, <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span>, <span class="pho">dz</span>, <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>, <span class="pho">ŋ</span>, <span class="pho">l</span> |
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注意：<span class="pho">w</span> 和 <span class="pho">y</span> 这两个辅音被称为**半元音** —— 无法用声带振动与否分类。
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辅音的另外一个划分，是根据口腔内**气流**振动的方式和位置。
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| 气流振动方式（Airflow） | 清浊与否（Voiced or not） | 辅音（Consonants） |
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| --------- | ------------- | ----------------------- |
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| 破擦音（Plosive） | 清辅音 | <span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">k</span> |
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| | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">b</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">g</span> |
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| 摩擦音（Fricative） | 清辅音 | <span class="pho">f</span>, <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">h</span> |
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| | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">v</span>, <span class="pho">z</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span> |
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| 塞擦音（Affricate） | 清辅音 | <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">ts</span> |
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| | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span>, <span class="pho">dz</span> |
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| 鼻音（Nasal） | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>, <span class="pho">ŋ</span> |
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| 边擦音（Lateral） | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">r</span> |
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| 半元音（Semivowel） | | <span class="pho">j</span>, <span class="pho">w</span> |
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| 气流振动方式（Airflow） | 清浊与否（Voiced or not） | 辅音（Consonants） |
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| ----------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| 破擦音（Plosive） | 清辅音 | <span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">k</span> |
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| | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">b</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">g</span> |
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| 摩擦音（Fricative） | 清辅音 | <span class="pho">f</span>, <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">h</span> |
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| | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">v</span>, <span class="pho">z</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span> |
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| 塞擦音（Affricate） | 清辅音 | <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">ts</span> |
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| | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span>, <span class="pho">dz</span> |
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| 鼻音（Nasal） | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>, <span class="pho">ŋ</span> |
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| 边擦音（Lateral） | 浊辅音 | <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">r</span> |
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| 半元音（Semivowel） | | <span class="pho">j</span>, <span class="pho">w</span> |
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作为初学者，**你无需尝试记忆这些分类和术语** —— 除非将来你有多余的时间精力。这些语言学的概念，并不构成任何学习障碍。你需要了解的只不过是分类的**依据**：**声带振动与否**，以及**气流振动方式和位置**。
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@@ -34,12 +34,11 @@
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| Positions of tongue tip | Consonants |
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| :---------------------: | :---------------------------------------------- |
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| ① | <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span> |
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| ② | <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">z</span> |
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| Positions of tongue tip | Consonants |
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| :---------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| ① | <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span> |
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| ② | <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">z</span> |
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| ③ | <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span>, <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span> |
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| ④ | <span class="pho">r</span> |
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| ④ | <span class="pho">r</span> |
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[^1]: *Uh-Oh* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌ.oʊ</span> 实际上有个隐藏的辅音，喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>，完整的音标应该是 <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔ.oʊ</span>……
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