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08-19-1658, chapter 3.2.14

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# 2.2.15. <span class="pho">j</span>, <span class="pho">w</span>
# 3.2.13. <span class="pho">j</span>/<span class="pho">w</span>
<span class="pho">j</span> 和 <span class="pho">w</span> 是半元音。
## 3.2.13.1. 示范
The sounds represented by <span class="pho">j</span> and <span class="pho">w</span> are semivowels in English.
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D.J.</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
<td>IPA</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">w</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_we_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>w</b>orker <span class="pho alt">ˈwɜː.kə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/worker-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/worker-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">w</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_we_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>w</b>orker <span class="pho alt">ˈwɝː.kɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/worker-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/worker-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">j</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_yes_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>y</b>es <span class="pho alt">jes</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/yes-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/yes-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">j</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_yes_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>y</b>es <span class="pho alt">jes</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/yes-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/yes-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span class="pho">j</span> 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>，比如 *you* <span class="pho alt">juː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/you-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 <span class="pho alt">iuː</span>。
## 3.2.13.2. 半元音
<span class="pho">w</span> 和 <span class="pho">j</span> 是半元音。
When <span class="pho">j</span> is connected to the following vowel, it is as if an <span class="pho">ɪ</span> sound is added in front of that vowel. For instance, the word *you* <span class="pho alt">juː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/you-us-female.mp3"></span>, pronounced the same as <span class="pho alt">ɪuː</span>.
<span class="pho">w</span> 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 <span class="pho">ʊ</span>，比如 *way* <span class="pho">weɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/way-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/way-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 <span class="pho">ʊeɪ</span>。
Similarly, when <span class="pho">w</span> is paired with a vowel, it's as if a <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound precedes that vowel. Take the word *way* <span class="pho alt">weɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/way-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/way-us-female.mp3"></span>, pronounced the same as <span class="pho alt">ʊeɪ</span>.
<span class="pho">j</span> 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>，比如 *you* <span class="pho alt">juː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/you-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 <span class="pho alt">iuː</span>。
<span class="pho">w</span> 可以和另外的辅音结合作为音节开头：<span class="pho">sw</span>、<span class="pho">tw</span>、<span class="pho">dw</span>、<span class="pho">kw</span>、<span class="pho">skw</span>、<span class="pho">gw</span>…… 这其中最容易出错也最常的是 <span class="pho">kw</span>，尤其是 <span class="pho">kwɒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">kwɔː</span>，比如，*quart* <span class="pho alt">kwɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quart-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quart-us-female.mp3"></span>，常常会被误读为 <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span>（听起来和 *court* <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/court-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/court-us-female.mp3"></span> 同音）；再比如，*quality* <span class="pho alt">ˈkwɔːlɪti</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quality-us-female.mp3"></span> 常常会被误读为 <span class="pho alt">ˈkɔːlɪti</span> —— 关键在于，<span class="pho">k</span> 的音之后有一个发出 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的嘴唇动作，否则 <span class="pho">kw</span> 就变成了 <span class="pho">k</span> —— 这个差异在母语使用者听起来异常地明显。
## 3.2.13.3. 辅音 + <span class="pho">w</span>
The letter <span class="pho">w</span> can combine with other consonants to form the beginning of a syllable, such as <span class="pho">sw</span>, <span class="pho">tw</span>, <span class="pho">dw</span>, <span class="pho">kw</span>, <span class="pho">skw</span>, <span class="pho">gw</span>… The most common and often mispronounced combination is <span class="pho">kw</span>, specifically <span class="pho">kwɒ</span> and <span class="pho">kwɔː</span>. For example, the word *quart* is pronounced <span class="pho alt">kwɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quart-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quart-us-female.mp3"></span>, but it is often misconstrued as <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span>, which sounds like *court* <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/court-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/court-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *quality* <span class="pho alt">ˈkwɔːlɪti</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quality-us-female.mp3"></span> as <span class="pho alt">ˈkɔːlɪti</span>. The key to getting this right is to make a lip movement for the <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound after the <span class="pho">k</span> sound; otherwise, <span class="pho">kw</span> just becomes <span class="pho">k</span>. This distinction is incredibly noticeable to native speakers.
<span class="pho">w</span> 可以和另外的辅音结合作为音节开头：<span class="pho">sw</span>、<span class="pho">tw</span>、<span class="pho">dw</span>、<span class="pho">kw</span>、<span class="pho">skw</span>、<span class="pho">gw</span>…… 这其中最容易出错也最常的是 <span class="pho">kw</span>，尤其是 <span class="pho">kwɒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">kwɔː</span>，比如，*quart* <span class="pho alt">kwɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quart-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quart-us-female.mp3"></span>，常常会被误读为 <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span>（听起来和 *court* <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/court-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/court-us-female.mp3"></span> 同音）；再比如，*quality* <span class="pho alt">ˈkwɑː.lə.t̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quality-us-female.mp3"></span> 常常会被误读为 <span class="pho alt">ˈkɔːlɪti</span> —— 关键在于，<span class="pho">k</span> 的音之后有一个发出 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的嘴唇动作，否则 <span class="pho">kw</span> 就变成了 <span class="pho">k</span> —— 这个差异在母语使用者听起来异常地明显。
## 拼写（Spellings）
## 3.2.13.4. 拼写（Spellings）
### <span class="pho">w</span>