keep updated

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.4-articulators.md

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ Here's an X-ray video showcasing the movement of a singer's articulators while p
 <video controls width="720"> <source src="/videos/articulator-movement-singing.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
 
 以下是朗读一些单词的时候发声器官活动情况的 3D 展示[^3]：
+
 Here's a 3D illustration showcasing the activity of articulators when pronouncing certain words:
 
 <video controls width="720"> <source src="/videos/3d-presentation.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2-consonants.md

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # 2.2. 辅音（Consonants）
 
-地球上的所有语言都一样，在自然语流中，**辅音**不会单独存在。单独的**元音**，可以构成**音节**，也可以构成或者表达意义。比如，*ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`，或者 *O'Oh* `/ˈɑ·oʊ/`。但，**辅音**必须依附于**元音**才能构成**音节**，并且，单独的辅音也不能构成意义。
+地球上的所有语言都一样，在自然语流中，**辅音**不会单独存在。单独的**元音**，可以构成**音节**，也可以构成或者表达意义。比如，*ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`，或者 *Uh-Oh* `/ˈʌ·oʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>。但，绝大多数**辅音**必须依附于**元音**才能构成**音节**，并且，单独的辅音也不能构成意义。
 
-All languages on Earth follow a similar pattern: in the flow of natural speech, consonants *never* stand alone. Isolated vowels, however, can form syllables and convey meaning. For instance, you have sounds like *ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`, or *O'Oh* `/ˈɑ·oʊ/`. But consonants need to be attached to vowels to form *syllables*, and alone, they don't carry meaning.
+All languages on Earth follow a similar pattern: in the flow of natural speech, consonants *never* stand alone. Isolated vowels, however, can form syllables and convey meaning. For instance, you have sounds like *ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`, or *O'Oh* `/ˈɑ·oʊ/`. But consonants almost always need to be attached to vowels to form *syllables*, and alone, they don't carry meaning.

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.6-sz.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The `s/z` sounds don't really pose a challenge for most people. When producing t
 
 ![articulator-tongue-tip-sz](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-sz.svg)
 
-需要注意的是，`s` 之后的 `p`、`t`、`tr`、`k` 会被浊化，相应读成 `b`、`d`、`dr`、`g`（但是，音标标注却保持原样）：
+需要注意的是，`s` 之后的 `p/t/tr/k` 会被浊化，相应读成 `b/d/dr/g`（但是，音标标注却保持原样）：
 
 It's important to note that following an `s`, `p/t/tr/k` are voiced, meaning they are pronounced like `b/d/dr/g` respectively, while the phonetic annotations remain unchanged.
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.1-stop.md

@@ -28,20 +28,18 @@ Consider the word *hotdog*. You can't hear the 't,' but the articulation is comp
 
 There are several types of *stops* in English:
 
-> * 唇塞音：`p`、`b`、`m` —— I just cannot *hel**p*** myself. 第四个单词 `/help/` 末尾的 `p` 就是一个唇塞音。
+> * 唇塞音：`p`、`b`、`m`、`f`、`v` —— I just cannot *hel**p*** myself. 第四个单词 `/help/` 末尾的 `p` 就是一个唇塞音。
 > * **Bilabial stop**: As in *I just cannot *hel**p*** myself*, the `p` in `/help/` is a labial stop.
 > * 齿塞音：`θ`、`ð` —— I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother. 第四个单词 `/pæθ/` 末尾的 `θ` 就是一个齿塞音。
 > * **Dental stop**: `θ`, `ð`  - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*, the final `θ` in `/pæθ/` is a dental stop.
 > * 龈塞音: `t`、`d` —— He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss. 第二个单词 `/traɪd/` 末尾的 `d` 就是一个龈塞音。
 > * **Alveolar stop**: `t`, `d` - As in *He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss*, where the final `d` in `/traɪd/` is an alveolar stop.
-> * 软腭塞音：`k`、`g` —— I don't *thin**k** that* is true. 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个软腭塞音，`/θɪŋk ðæt/`。
-> * **Velar stop**: ——
-> * 喉塞音：IPA 里用 `ʔ` —— *uh-oh*, `/ɑʔoʊ/`…… `t` 在 `m/n` 之前的时候，会出现这个喉塞音，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`
-> * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g` - denoted as `ʔ` in IPA. *I don't think that is true*. The *k* at the end of the word *think* is a glottal stop, pronounced as `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example of a glottal stop which is not related to `k` or `g` is in the expression `uh-oh`, pronounced as `/ɑʔoʊ/`...
+> * 喉塞音：IPA 里用 `ʔ` —— I don't *thin**k** that* is true. 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音，`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。 *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/` 是另外一个例子…… `t` 在 `m/n` 之前的时候，会出现这个喉塞音，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`
+> * **Glottal stop**: In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol `ʔ`. Take the phrase *I don't think that's true* for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example is the word *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`. Also, when a `t` appears before `m` or `n`, a glottal stop is also present, as in `utmost` `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`.
 
-不管是哪一种，都是因为之前的一个辅音**虽然并未发出声音却动作完整**造成的。
+不管是哪一种，大多都是因为之前的一个辅音**虽然并未发出声音却动作完整**造成的。
 
-Regardless of the type, such a stop occurs when a previous consonant is fully articulated without actually producing sound.
+Regardless of the type, most of such stops occur when a previous consonant is fully articulated without actually producing sound.
 
 除了**停顿**（*stop*）之外，一句话可能会被分为若干个**意群**（*meaning group*），意群之间总是有着明显的**暂停**（*pause*）。