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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.1-stop.md
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@@ -28,20 +28,18 @@ Consider the word *hotdog*. You can't hear the 't,' but the articulation is comp
There are several types of *stops* in English:
> * 唇塞音：`p`、`b`、`m` —— I just cannot *hel**p*** myself. 第四个单词 `/help/` 末尾的 `p` 就是一个唇塞音。
> * 唇塞音：`p`、`b`、`m`、`f`、`v` —— I just cannot *hel**p*** myself. 第四个单词 `/help/` 末尾的 `p` 就是一个唇塞音。
> * **Bilabial stop**: As in *I just cannot *hel**p*** myself*, the `p` in `/help/` is a labial stop.
> * 齿塞音：`θ`、`ð` —— I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother. 第四个单词 `/pæθ/` 末尾的 `θ` 就是一个齿塞音。
> * **Dental stop**: `θ`, `ð` - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*, the final `θ` in `/pæθ/` is a dental stop.
> * 龈塞音: `t`、`d` —— He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss. 第二个单词 `/traɪd/` 末尾的 `d` 就是一个龈塞音。
> * **Alveolar stop**: `t`, `d` - As in *He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss*, where the final `d` in `/traɪd/` is an alveolar stop.
> * 软腭塞音：`k`、`g` —— I don't *thin**k** that* is true. 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个软腭塞音，`/θɪŋk ðæt/`。
> * **Velar stop**: ——
> * 喉塞音：IPA 里用 `ʔ` —— *uh-oh*, `/ɑʔoʊ/`…… `t` 在 `m/n` 之前的时候，会出现这个喉塞音，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`
> * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g` - denoted as `ʔ` in IPA. *I don't think that is true*. The *k* at the end of the word *think* is a glottal stop, pronounced as `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example of a glottal stop which is not related to `k` or `g` is in the expression `uh-oh`, pronounced as `/ɑʔoʊ/`...
> * 喉塞音：IPA 里用 `ʔ` —— I don't *thin**k** that* is true. 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音，`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。 *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/` 是另外一个例子…… `t` 在 `m/n` 之前的时候，会出现这个喉塞音，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`
> * **Glottal stop**: In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol `ʔ`. Take the phrase *I don't think that's true* for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example is the word *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`. Also, when a `t` appears before `m` or `n`, a glottal stop is also present, as in `utmost` `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`.
不管是哪一种，都是因为之前的一个辅音**虽然并未发出声音却动作完整**造成的。
不管是哪一种，大多都是因为之前的一个辅音**虽然并未发出声音却动作完整**造成的。
Regardless of the type, such a stop occurs when a previous consonant is fully articulated without actually producing sound.
Regardless of the type, most of such stops occur when a previous consonant is fully articulated without actually producing sound.
除了**停顿**（*stop*）之外，一句话可能会被分为若干个**意群**（*meaning group*），意群之间总是有着明显的**暂停**（*pause*）。