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08-17-2153-phonemes-page-er-added

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xiaolai
2024-08-17 21:53:37 +08:00
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1000-hours/.vitepress/theme/style.scss
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@@ -208,6 +208,7 @@ body {
transition: color 0.25s, background-color 0.5s;
font-family: "CharisSIL", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace;
font-size: var(--vp-code-font-size);
// font-size: 100%;
color: var(--vp-code-color);
&.alt {
&::before, &::after {

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md
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我们采用的是《剑桥英语发声词典》（[Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/), i.e. *CEPD*）的音标标注体系。
在《剑桥英语发声词典》里，英式英语的音标采用 D.J 音标，而美式英语的音标则采用国际音标（IPA）[^1]，并针对美式英语做了些 “优化”：
在《剑桥英语发声词典》里，英式英语的音标采用 *D.J.* 音标，而美式英语的音标则采用国际音标（*IPA*）[^1]，并针对美式英语做了些 “优化”：
> * <span class="pho">ə</span> 的长短版本儿化音，分别是 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɝː</span>
> * <span class="pho">ə</span> 结尾的双元音和三元音，结尾的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 使用 <span class="pho">r</span> 替换，比如 <span class="pho">ɪə</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">ɪr</span>、<span class="pho">eə</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">er</span>
> * <span class="pho">ə</span> 结尾的双元音和三元音，结尾的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 使用 <span class="pho">r</span> 替换，比如 <span class="pho">ɪə</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">ɪr</span>，或者 <span class="pho">aʊə</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">aʊr</span>
> * 短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span> 用 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 标注
> * <span class="pho">t</span> 增加了一个弹舌音版本 <span class="pho">t̬</span>
以下罗列的音素、音标、例词、及其部分语音文件均来自于剑桥英语词典的官方网站[^2]，并在此基础上做了一些补充：
以下的罗列部分基于[《剑桥英语发声词典》](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/)的官方音标指南，在此基础上做了一些补充并重新排序[^2]，并刻意减少了例词的数量。
> https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html
理论上，我们的整个教程就基于以下内容……
> [!Note]
> 《剑桥英语发声词典》官方音标指南（Pronunciation symbols）：
> > https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html
## 元音
@@ -56,12 +56,6 @@
<td>th<b>i</b>s <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/this_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/this_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ɪə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>id<b>ea</b> <span class="pho alt">aɪˈdɪə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/idea_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/idea_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>g<b>ear</b> <span class="pho alt">ɡɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/gear_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/gear_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">iː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>tr<b>ee</b> <span class="pho alt">triː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/tree_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/tree_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">iː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
@@ -74,18 +68,18 @@
<td>cit<b>y</b> <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪt̬.i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/city_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/city_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ɪə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>id<b>ea</b> <span class="pho alt">aɪˈdɪə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/idea_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/idea_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>g<b>ear</b> <span class="pho alt">ɡɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/gear_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/gear_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_foot_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>f<b>oo</b>t <span class="pho alt">fʊt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/foot_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/foot_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_foot_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>f<b>oo</b>t <span class="pho alt">fʊt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/foot_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/foot_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ʊə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_pure_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>p<b>ure</b> <span class="pho alt">pjʊə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/pure_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/pure_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_pure_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>p<b>ure</b> <span class="pho alt">pjʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pure_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pure_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">u</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_situation_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>sit<b>u</b>ation <span class="pho alt">ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/situation_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/situation_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">u</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_situation_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
@@ -98,6 +92,12 @@
<td>m<b>oo</b>n <span class="pho alt">muːn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/moon_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/moon_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ʊə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_pure_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>p<b>ure</b> <span class="pho alt">pjʊə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/pure_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/pure_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_pure_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>p<b>ure</b> <span class="pho alt">pjʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pure_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pure_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">e</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_head_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>ch<b>e</b>ck <span class="pho alt">tʃek</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/check_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/check_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">e</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_head_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
@@ -110,6 +110,12 @@
<td>th<b>a</b>nk <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thank_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thank_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">eə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_hair_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>air</b> <span class="pho alt">eə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/air_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/air_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">er</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_hair_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>air</b> <span class="pho alt">er</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/air_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/air_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ɒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_sock_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>d<b>o</b>g <span class="pho alt">dɒɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/dog_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/dog_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ɑː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
@@ -387,13 +393,16 @@
## 自定义补充符号
| 符号 | 含义 |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---- |
| <span class="pho">ɤ</span> | 比 schwa <span class="pho">ə</span> 更轻的近乎于无的元音 |
| ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| <span class="pho">ɤ</span> | 比 *schwa* <span class="pho">ə</span> 更轻的近乎于无的元音 |
| <span class="pho">ʔ</span> | <span class="pho">t</span> 的喉塞音版本 |
| <span class="pho"><u>t</u></span> | 可选 <span class="pho">t</span> |
| <span class="pho">̚ </span> | 阻塞音 |
| <span class="pho">ā, á, ǎ, à</span> | 音节声调（以字母 a 为例） |
| <span class="pho">â</span> | 音高被抬高的音节（以字母 a 为例） |
| <span class="pho">◌̚ </span> | 清辅音的阻塞音符号 |
| <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> | 音节辅音 <span class="pho">l, m, n, r</span> 之前的附带元音 |
| <span class="pho">ʲ</span> | 音节之间的加音 <span class="pho">j</span> |
| <span class="pho">ʷ</span> | 音节之间的加音 <span class="pho">w</span> |
| <span class="pho">◌̅, ◌́, ◌̌, ◌̀</span> | 音节声调 |
| <span class="pho">◌̂</span> | 音高被抬高的音节 |
[^1]: 现在几乎所有词典都声称自己采用国际音标（IPA），但它们无一例外，都是国际音标的一个 “**自定义子集**”。
[^2]: 音标的语音文件来自剑桥官方网站；例词的语音文件部分由 Microsoft Edge TTS 生成，声音角色选择分别是：*en-GB-ThomasNeural*，*en-GB-MaisieNeural*，*en-US-RogerNeural*，和 *en-US-JennyNeural*
[^2]: 音标的语音文件来自剑桥官方网站；例词的语音文件部分使用 [Microsoft Edge TTS](https://github.com/rany2/edge-tts) 生成，声音角色选择分别是：*en-GB-ThomasNeural*，*en-GB-MaisieNeural*，*en-US-RogerNeural*，和 *en-US-JennyNeural*