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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-mnŋ.md

@@ -1,13 +1,20 @@
 # 3.2.13. `m`, `n`, `ŋ`
 
-`m` 和 `n` 处于音节开头时，没有人会觉得困难。尤其是 `m`…… 因为它也许是人类学会说的第一个辅音；于此同时，`ɑ` 永远是人类学会的第一个元音，所以大家都用 `mɑ` 称呼自己的母亲。 
+`m` 和 `n` 处于音节开头时，没有人会觉得困难。尤其是 `m`…… 因为它也许是人类学会说的第一个辅音；于此同时，`ɑ` 永远是人类学会的第一个元音，所以大家都用 `mɑ` 称呼自己的母亲。
 
-When `m` and `n` are at the beginning of a syllable, no one finds it challenging. Especially `m`, since it might be the first consonant humans learn to utter. At the same time, `ɑ` is always the first vowel humans learn, which is why `mɑ` is a universal sound for *mother*. 
+When `m` and `n` are at the beginning of a syllable, no one finds it challenging. Especially `m`, since it might be the first consonant humans learn to utter. At the same time, `ɑ` is always the first vowel humans learn, which is why `mɑ` is a universal sound for *mother*.
 
 `ŋ` 处于其它元音之后对所有人来说也同样不构成困难，因为英文中最常用的不过是 `ɪŋ`  而已……
 
 Similarly, everyone finds it easy to pronounce `ŋ` after other vowels. This isn't surprising, given that `ɪŋ` is the most commonly used sounds in English.
 
-麻烦在于 `m` 处于音节末尾的时候。很多人会不由自主地额外加上一个 `ʊ` 的音，这是一个嘴唇的多余动作产生的结果。比如，把 *room* `/ruːm/` 读成 `/ruːmʊ/`。 
+麻烦在于 `m` 处于音节末尾的时候。很多人会不由自主地额外加上一个 `ʊ` 的音，这是一个嘴唇的多余动作产生的结果。比如，把 *room* `/ruːm/` 读成 `/ruːmʊ/`。
 
-The tricky part comes when `m` is at the end of a syllable. A lot of people have an involuntary habit of adding an extra `ʊ` sound, which results from an unnecessary lips' movement. For instance, they might pronounce *room* as `/ruːmʊ/`, instead of `/ruːm/`.
+The tricky part comes when `m` is at the end of a syllable. A lot of people have an involuntary habit of adding an extra `ʊ` sound, which results from an unnecessary lips' movement. For instance, they might pronounce *room* as `/ruːmʊ/`, instead of `/ruːm/`.
+
+另外，`m/n` 处于 `f/v` 之前的时候，发音都会发生变化 —— 这是因为 `f/v` 的发声动作，需要上牙与下唇接触。
+
+Additionally, when `m/n` precedes `f/v`, their pronunciation changes - this is because the vocalization of `f/v` requires the upper teeth to touch the lower lip.
+
+> * `m + f/v` = `n + f/v`, *comfort* `/ˈkəmfərt/` → `/ˈkənfərt/`
+> * `n + f/v` = `ŋ + f/v`, *conversation* `/ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən/` → `/ˌkɑŋvərˈseɪʃən/`

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.4.3-cc.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The combination of "consonant + consonant" often requires more attention.
 
 ## 3.4.3.1 省音（elision）
 
-“**辅音 + 辅音**” 的组合，常常会造成前一个辅音虽然发声器官（*articulator*）动作完整但并不发声的情况，于是会出现一个既 “看不见” 也 “听不到” 的**停顿**（*stop*，[3.4.1](3.4.1-stop)），之前举过单词内存在这种情况的例子，*hotdog* 和 *network*，再比如，*hard-nosed*, *partner*…… 
+“**辅音 + 辅音**” 的组合，常常会造成前一个辅音虽然发声器官（*articulator*）动作完整但并不发声的情况，于是会出现一个既 “看不见” 也 “听不到” 的**停顿**（*stop*，[3.4.1](3.4.1-stop)），之前举过单词内存在这种情况的例子，*hotdog* 和 *network*，再比如，*hard-nosed*, *partner*……
 
 A "consonant + consonant" combination often results in an instance where the first consonant is articulated but not voiced, creating an *invisible and inaudible stop* (3.4.1). Examples of this within words include previously mentioned *hotdog* and *network*, as well as *hard-nosed*, *partner*, and so on.
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Within a meaning group, it's common for a word to end with a consonant and the f
 
 ## 3.4.3.2. 叠音（geminates）
 
-上一个音节末尾的辅音和下一个音节开头的辅音相同的时候，这一对相同的辅音被称作**叠音**（*geminates*）。在连贯的自然语音中，这两个辅音就只发声一次 —— 但听起来的时候，有可能感受到前一个辅音存在造成细微停顿。它从机制上来看，其实和**省音**（[3.4.3.1]()）一样。其实哪怕相邻的两个辅音相似的时候，也会发生同样的现象。
+上一个音节末尾的辅音和下一个音节开头的辅音相同的时候，这一对相同的辅音被称作**叠音**（*geminates*）。在连贯的自然语音中，这两个辅音就只发声一次 —— 但听起来的时候，有可能感受到前一个辅音存在造成细微停顿。它从机制上来看，其实和**省音**（[3.4.3.1](3.4.3-cc#_3-4-3-1-省音-elision)）一样。其实哪怕相邻的两个辅音相似的时候，也会发生同样的现象。
 
 When the same consonant ends one syllable and begins the next, this pair of identical consonants is known as **geminates**. In fluid, natural speech, these two consonants are vocalized only once— yet, you might sense a slight *stop* due to the presence of the previous consonant, and its completion of articulating action. Mechanically, this is similar to **elision** (3.4.3.1). This phenomenon also occurs even when two neighboring consonants are just similar, not identical.
 
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ Assimilation, in English pronunciation, primarily happens in two key scenarios:
 > * `t` + `j` = `tʃ`
 > * `d` + `j` = `dʒ`
 
-最常见的比如，*Don't you?* `/dəʊn tʃju?/`；以及，*Would you?* `/wʊ dʒju?/` 这里的关键在于，`t, d` 发声时起始的舌尖位置如果放对了（[2.2.4](https://1000h.org/sounds-of-english/16-tdsz.html)），它与后面的 `/ju/` 连起来的发声就只能如此。
+最常见的比如，*Don't you?* `/dəʊn tʃju?/`；以及，*Would you?* `/wʊ dʒju?/` 这里的关键在于，`t, d` 发声时起始的舌尖位置如果放对了（[3.2.3](3.2.3-td)），它与后面的 `/ju/` 连起来的发声就只能如此。
 
-For example, in daily conversation, we often hear *Don't you?* pronounced as `/dəʊn tʃju?/`; and *Would you?* as `/wʊ dʒju?/`. The key here lies in the position of the tongue tip when pronouncing `t, d`. If placed correctly (as explained in [2.2.4](https://1000h.org/sounds-of-english/16-tdsz.html)), it naturally leads to such pronunciation when followed by `/ju/`.
+For example, in daily conversation, we often hear *Don't you?* pronounced as `/dəʊn tʃju?/`; and *Would you?* as `/wʊ dʒju?/`. The key here lies in the position of the tongue tip when pronouncing `t, d`. If placed correctly (as explained in [3.2.3](3.2.3-td)), it naturally leads to such pronunciation when followed by `/ju/`.
 
 同化主要发生在 `j` 这个音上。除了已经讲过的 `j` 前面遇到 `t` 和 `d` 时会产生同化之外，
 
@@ -74,3 +74,8 @@ Many Americans have a unique habit with the `t` sound, especially when it follow
 
 In addition, the `ð` sound can also be dropped, primarily in the common word *them*. For example, *let them* `/lɛt ðəm/` might become `/lɛt-əm/`. When the `ð` is dropped, the `t` ends up sandwiched between two vowels and turns into the voiced flap `t̬`. So, what you say or hear becomes `/lɛt̬əm/`. Therefore, in natural speech, *let him* and *let them* sound identical and only context can determine whether it's *him* or *them*.
 
+## 3.4.3.5 其它（others）
+
+值得一提的是，`m/n` + `f/v` 的情况。词汇之内我们看过 *comfort* 和 *conversation* 的例子。这种情况在意群之内也经常会遇到，比如，*stem from*, 只能读成 `/sten frəm/`……
+
+It's worth mentioning the situation with `m/n` followed by `f/v`. We've seen examples of this in words like *comfort* and *conversation*. This occurrence is often also found within a meaning group. For instance, *stem from* can only be pronounced as `/sten frəm/`.