keep updated

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/01.soae.md

@@ -1,2 +1,9 @@
 # 美式英语语音教程
 
+语音的基础内容事实上非常少。
+
+自然语音中最基础的、不可分割的单位是**音素**（*phonemes*）；音素构成**音节**（*syllables*）；音节构成**词汇**（*words*）；词汇构成**意群**（*thought groups*）；意群构成**句子**（*sentences*)；句子构成**语篇**（*discourse*）—— 而一方说出的语篇（无论长短、无论完整与否）要被对方听到并理解，这样才能启动**对话**（*dialogue*）
+
+音素的准确与否，长期被认为是最重要的基础，甚至被认为是最关键的决定性因素。然而，在音素准确与否之上，更为重要的是说话的方式，即，语音的**韵律**（*prosody*）和**节奏**（*rhythm*）。所以，我们的教程将以**音节**为中心，主要关注**韵律**和**节奏** —— 当然，我们也只能从音素讲起。
+
+另外，这是一个**零基础教程**，所以，完全不用担心自己基础差。在教程里，我们从音素开始讲起，而音素，根据定义，就是自然语音的最基础内容 —— 实在不可能有什么比它更基础的了 —— 所以，在此之前不需要有任何预备知识。

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.basics.md

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# 1. 基础（Basics）
+
+英文语音所谓的基础真的很少，打印出来也不过是几页纸的篇幅而已。
+
+The fundamentals of English pronunciation, in reality, are quite straightforward. Printed out, they would only take up a few pages.
+
+## 1.1 字母表（Alphabets）
+
+英语总计使用 26 个**字母**（*letters*），各有大小写之分。在欧洲语言之中，英语是罕见的不使用**修饰符**（*diacritics*）的文字 —— 所谓修饰符，指的是拉丁字母上附加的标记，用以区分发音或者意义，比如，*â*、*é*、*ç*，等等。
+
+Modern English is composed of *26* letters, each with both *uppercase* and *lowercase* forms. English stands out among European languages for not using [diacritics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic), which are special marks added to letters to alter their pronunciation or meaning, such as *â*, *é* or *ç*, etc.
+
+北约（NATO）有一套指称英文字母的系统，用以在仅有语音交流的情况下避免歧义 —— 在军事、航空、紧急救助、无线电或者电话沟通等诸多场合中具备不可或缺作用。
+
+[NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) has a system that uses common words to identify each letter, which is particularly helpful for military and civil aviation, emergency serivces, radio or phone communication, and many others to avoid confusion when spelling out words.
+
+| Letter    | Pronunciation                                                                                                                        | NATO Phonetic Alphabet                                                                                                                                          |
+| --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| **A** *a* | `/eɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/a-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/a-us-jen.mp3"></span>       | *Alpha*    `/ˈæl.fə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span>            |
+| **B** *b* | `/biː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/b-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/b-us-jen.mp3"></span>      | *Bravo*    `/ˈbrɑː.voʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Bravo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Bravo-us-jen.mp3"></span>         |
+| **C** *c* | `/siː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/c-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/c-us-jen.mp3"></span>      | *Charlie*  `/ˈtʃɑːr.liː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Charlie-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Charlie-us-jen.mp3"></span>    |
+| **D** *d* | `/diː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/d-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/d-us-jen.mp3"></span>      | *Delta*    `/ˈdɛl.tə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Delta-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Delta-us-jen.mp3"></span>           |
+| **E** *e* | `/iː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/e-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/e-us-jen.mp3"></span>       | *Echo*     `/ˈɛk.oʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Echo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Echo-us-jen.mp3"></span>              |
+| **F** *f* | `/ɛf/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/f-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/f-us-jen.mp3"></span>       | *Foxtrot*  `/ˈfɔːks.trɒt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Foxtrot-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Foxtrot-us-jen.mp3"></span>   |
+| **G** *g* | `/dʒiː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/g-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/g-us-jen.mp3"></span>     | *Golf*     `/ɡɑːf/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Golf-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Golf-us-jen.mp3"></span>                |
+| **H** *h* | `/eɪtʃ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/h-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/h-us-jen.mp3"></span>     | *Hotel*    `/hoʊˈtɛl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Hotel-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Hotel-us-jen.mp3"></span>           |
+| **I** *i* | `/aɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/i-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/i-us-jen.mp3"></span>       | *India*    `/ˈɪn.di.ə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/India-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/India-us-jen.mp3"></span>          |
+| **J** *j* | `/dʒeɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/j-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/j-us-jen.mp3"></span>     | *Juliet*   `/ˈdʒuːliːˌɛt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Juliet-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Juliet-us-jen.mp3"></span>     |
+| **K** *k* | `/keɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/k-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/k-us-jen.mp3"></span>      | *Kilo*     `/ˈkiː.loʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Kilo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Kilo-us-jen.mp3"></span>            |
+| **L** *l* | `/ɛl/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/l-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/l-us-jen.mp3"></span>       | *Lima*     `/ˈliː.mə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Lima-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Lima-us-jen.mp3"></span>             |
+| **M** *m* | `/ɛm/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/m-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/m-us-jen.mp3"></span>       | *Mike*     `/maɪk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Mike-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Mike-us-jen.mp3"></span>                |
+| **N** *n* | `/ɛn/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/n-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/n-us-jen.mp3"></span>       | *November* `/noʊˈvɛm.bər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/November-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/November-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
+| **O** *o* | `/oʊ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/o-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/o-us-jen.mp3"></span>       | *Oscar*    `/ˈɑːs.kɑːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Oscar-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Oscar-us-jen.mp3"></span>         |
+| **P** *p* | `/piː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/p-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/p-us-jen.mp3"></span>      | *Papa*     `/pəˈpɑː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Papa-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Papa-us-jen.mp3"></span>              |
+| **Q** *q* | `/kjuː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/q-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/q-us-jen.mp3"></span>     | *Quebec*   `/kəˈbɛk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Quebec-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Quebec-us-jen.mp3"></span>          |
+| **R** *r* | `/ɑːr/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/r-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/r-us-jen.mp3"></span>      | *Romeo*    `/ˈroʊ.miːˌoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Romeo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Romeo-us-jen.mp3"></span>       |
+| **S** *s* | `/ɛs/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/s-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/s-us-jen.mp3"></span>       | *Sierra*   `/siˈɛr.ə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Sierra-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Sierra-us-jen.mp3"></span>         |
+| **T** *t* | `/tiː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/t-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/t-us-jen.mp3"></span>      | *Tango*    `/ˈtæŋ.ɡoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Tango-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Tango-us-jen.mp3"></span>          |
+| **U** *u* | `/juː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/u-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/u-us-jen.mp3"></span>      | *Uniform*  `/ˈjuː.nɪ.fɔːrm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Uniform-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Uniform-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
+| **V** *v* | `/viː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/v-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/v-us-jen.mp3"></span>      | *Victor*   `/ˈvɪk.tər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Victor-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Victor-us-jen.mp3"></span>        |
+| **W** *w* | `/ˈdʌbl̩juː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/w-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/w-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Whiskey*  `/ˈwɪs.kiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Whiskey-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Whiskey-us-jen.mp3"></span>      |
+| **X** *x* | `/ɛks/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/x-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/x-us-jen.mp3"></span>      | *X-ray*    `/ˈɛks.reɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/X-ray-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/X-ray-us-jen.mp3"></span>          |
+| **Y** *y* | `/waɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/y-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/y-us-jen.mp3"></span>      | *Yankee*   `/ˈjæŋ.kiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Yankee-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Yankee-us-jen.mp3"></span>        |
+| **Z** *z* | `/ziː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/z-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/z-us-jen.mp3"></span>      | *Zulu*     `/ˈzuː.luː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Zulu-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Zulu-us-jen.mp3"></span>            |
+
+在英式英语中，*z* 被读作 `/zed/`。
+
+In British, letter *z* is pronounced as `/zed/`.
+
+> [!Note]
+>
+> * 合成语音文件使用的是 OpenAI 的 TTS (Text-to-Speech) 和微软的 Edge's TTS。蓝色喇叭图标<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guy.mp3"></span>是男性语音，褐色喇叭图标<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span>是女性语音。
+> * The synthesized audio files primarily utilizes OpenAI's TTS (Text-to-Speech) and Microsoft Edge's TTS. The blue speaker icon<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guy.mp3"></span>represents a male voice, whereas the brown speaker icon<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span>signifies a female voice.
+> * IPA 音标标注往是通过 OpenAI 的 ChatGPT 生成的，有时可能并不统一，或存在一些错误，需要纠正。
+>
+> * The IPA ([International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet)) notation used for phonetic transcription is generated by OpenAI's ChatGPT, which may occasionally make mistakes that need to be corrected.
+
+## 1.2 音素（Phonemes）
+
+在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为**音素**（phonemes）。英语的音素分为**元音**和**辅音**。
+
+In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as *phonemes*. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: *vowels* and *consonants*.
+
+> [!Note]
+>
+> * 这个教程采用的注音体系是 D.J. 音标。[Daniel Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) 于 1917 年发布 *English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*EPD*, 英语发音词典)，并在其后的多年里反复修订。最终它被剑桥接手，更名为 *Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*CEPD*, 剑桥英语发音词典) 。*CEPD*于 1997 年发布第 *15* 版，增加了一些符号用以同时标注美式发音。目前的 *CEPD* 已经是[第 *18* 版](https://www.cambridge.org/gb/cambridgeenglish/catalog/dictionaries/cambridge-english-pronouncing-dictionary-18th-edition)。D.J. 音标目前被各大英语权威词典广泛采用，除了[剑桥英语发音词典](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary)之外，还包括 [牛津词典](https://www.oed.com/)、[朗文当代英语词典](https://www.ldoceonline.com/)、[柯林斯 COBUILD](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english)，等等。
+> * The phonetic notation system employed in this tutorial is the D.J. Phonetic transcription, introduced by [Daniel Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) who published his *English Pronouncing Dictionary* (EPD) back in 1917 and continually revised it over many years. Eventually handed over to Cambridge University Press, its name was revamped as the [*Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary) (CEPD). The CEPD rolled out its 15^th^ edition sometime around 1997 with an additional set of symbols for American pronunciations tallied along. Now on par with their [18^th^](https://www.cambridge.org/gb/cambridgeenglish/catalog/dictionaries/cambridge-english-pronouncing-dictionary-18th-edition) outing, this sitely respin of Jone's original framework has been widely adopted amongst major authoritative dictionaries - including but not limited to [Oxford](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary)'s upstanding series or [*Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English*](https://www.ldoceonline.com/) down till [*Collins COBUILD*](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english).
+
+### 1.2.1 元音（Vowels）
+
+英语总计约有 20 个**元音**。
+
+English approximately has 20 *vowels*.
+
+元音可以被分为短元音（*short vowels*）和**长元音**（*long vowels*）；与此同时，它们也可以分为**单元音**（*monophthongs*）和**双元音**（*diphthongs*）。
+
+Vowels can be classified into *long* and *short* vowels, or alternatively, they can also be grouped as *monophthongs* and *diphthongs*.
+
+| Monophthongs |                                   | Diphthongs                                     |
+| ------------ | --------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
+| Short vowels | `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, `ɒ`      |                                                |
+| Long vowels  | `ɑː`, `æ`, `əː`, `iː`, `uː`, `ɔː` | `aɪ`, `eɪ`, `ɔɪ`, `aʊ`, `oʊ`, `eə`, `ɪə`, `ʊə` |
+
+### 1.2.2 辅音（Consonants）
+
+英文大约 28 个辅音。
+
+English approximately has 28 *consonants*.
+
+| Airflow   | Voiced or not | Consonants              |
+| --------- | ------------- | ----------------------- |
+| Plosive   | Voiceless     | `p`, `t`, `k`           |
+|           | Voiced        | `b`, `d`, `g`           |
+| Fricative | Voiceless     | `f`, `s`, `θ`, `ʃ`, `h` |
+|           | Voiced        | `v`, `z`, `ð`, `ʒ`, `r` |
+| Affricate | Voiceless     | `tʃ`, `tr`, `ts`        |
+|           | Voiced        | `dʒ`, `dr`, `dz`        |
+| Nasal     | Voiced        | `m`, `n`, `ŋ`           |
+| Lateral   | Voiced        | `l`                     |
+| Semivowel | Voiced        | `j`, `w`                |
+
+## 1.3 音节（Syllables）
+
+**英文的词汇由至少一个音节构成**。英文中出现频率最高的几个词，*a/an*, *the*, *of*, *to*, *for*... 等等都是单音节词汇。有的词汇可能很长，由很多音节构成。在英文词典中能找到的最长词汇总计由 19 个音节，45 个字母构成：
+
+**In English, every word is made up of at least one syllable.** The several most commonly used words in the language such as *a/an*, *the*, *of*, *to*, *for*, and others are all monosyllabic. Some words might be quite lengthy containing many syllables. In fact, if you were to flip through an English dictionary, the longest loggerhead you'd find consists whoppingly of 19 syllables with a grand total of forty-five letters:
+
+> *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/En-us-pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.ogg.mp3"></span>
+>
+> `/ˌnumənəʊˌəltrəˌmaɪkrəˌskɑpɪkˌsɪləkəʊvɑlˌkeɪnəʊˌkəʊniˈəʊsəs/`
+
+英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，`c` 代表辅音，`v` 代表元音）：
+
+In general, there are the following few forms of syllable composition in English (where `c` stands for consonant and `v` means vowel):
+
+* `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/awe-us.mp3"></span>
+* `vc`： *add* `/æd/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/add-us.mp3"></span>
+* `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/the-us.mp3"></span>
+* `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/dog-us.mp3"></span>
+* `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flee-us.mp3"></span>
+* `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/east-us.mp3"></span>
+* `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/task-us.mp3"></span>
+* `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/speed-us.mp3"></span>
+* `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/thrust-us.mp3"></span>
+* `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/text-us.mp3"></span>
+* `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flexed-us.mp3"></span>
+
+如果一个单词由多个音节构成的话，那么为了能够读得顺畅、清晰且易于识别，那么其中可能会有某个音节是**重音**；如果音节数量更多，可能还会有某个或某些音节是**次重音**。一般来说，**一个词汇只有一个重音**，**但有可能存在多个次重音**。比如 *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`。之前的那个 *19* 个音节构成的词汇，其中有 *7* 个**次重音**，*1* 个**重音**。
+
+When a word is composed of multiple syllables, for smooth and clear pronunciation that's easily recognizable, one syllable may be stressed -- these are called *primary stresses*. If the word has many syllables, it could also have some *secondary stress*. Normally, **a single primary stress exists in each word**, **but there might be several secondary ones**. Take the word *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/` as an example, it follows this rule. That whopping 19-syllable-long leviathan we examined before had 7 instances of secondary stressing to accompany its lone instance of primary stressing.