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In English, there are 6 basic vowels: `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, and `ɒ`. Think of these 6 short vowels like the *roots* of a tree. The remaining more than a dozen vowels are either slightly modified, longer versions of these - the *long* vowels, which are `ɑː, æ, əː, iː, uː, ɔː`; or, they are combinations of these basic sounds, known as *diphthongs* - `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, oʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə`.
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> 在美式英语中,`eə, ɪə, ʊə` 这 3 个双元音被标注成 `er, ɪr, ʊr`,分别读作 `eər, ɪər, ʊər`。
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> In American English, the diphthongs `eə, ɪə, ʊə` are noted as `er, ɪr, ʊr`, which are pronounced respectively as `eər, ɪər, ʊər`.
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元音的关键在于它们的**长短**。搞错元音的长短,一方面可能会造成错误或者理解困难。更为重要的是另外一方面 —— 会造成**节奏**([2.5.4](2.5.4-pace))混乱。
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