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# 2.1.3. `ʌ/ɑ/ar`
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# 2.1.3. `ʌ/ɑː/ar`
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从唇形上来看，`ʌ` 的唇形最小，`ɑ` 的唇形最大。
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从唇形上来看，`ʌ` 的唇形最小，`ɑr` 的唇形最大。
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In terms of mouth shape, the vowel sound `ʌ` requires the lips to be the most closed, while the vowel sound `ɑ` requires the lips to be the most open.
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In terms of mouth shape, the vowel sound `ʌ` requires the lips to be the most closed, while the vowel sound `ɑr` requires the lips to be the most open.
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美国人的 `ʌ` 实际上非常接近于 `ə`，比如，*but* `/bʌt/` 听起来更接近于 `/bət/`。
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美音的 `ʌ` 实际上非常接近于英音的 `ə`，比如，*but* `/bʌt/` 听起来更接近于 `/bət/`。
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The American pronunciation of `ʌ` is actually quite similar to `ə`. For instance, the word *but*, pronounced `/bʌt/`, often sounds more like `/bət/`.
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美国人还会再进一步，会把很多非重读音节内的元音简化为 `ə` —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 `/ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>，但，美国人却将其被读成 `/ɪnˈkɝː·ədʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>—— 不仅要将 `ʌ` 读成 `ɝː`（长元音），还要将 `i` 变成 *schwa*, `ə`……
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美国人还会再进一步，会把很多非重读音节内的元音简化为 `ə` —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 `/ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>，但，美国人却将其被读成 `/ɪnˈkɝː·ədʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>—— 不仅要将 `ʌ` 读成 `ɝː`（长元音），还要将 `ɪ` 变成 *schwa*, `ə`……
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They even go a step further, simplifying many unstressed vowel sounds to `ə`, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say `/ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while Americans pronounce it as `/ɪnˈkɝː·ɪdʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>. In this case, not only is `ʌ` pronounced as `ə`, but the `i` also turns into a *schwa*, `ə`...
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They even go a step further, simplifying many unstressed vowel sounds to `ə`, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say `/ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while Americans pronounce it as `/ɪnˈkɝː·ədʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>. In this case, not only is `ʌ` pronounced as `ə`, but the `ɪ` also turns into a *schwa*, `ə`...
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长元音 `/ɑː/` 常常会被儿化 —— 加上一个卷舌音 `r`，所以很多美式词典干脆用 `ɑr` 替代 `ɑː`。比如，*card* `/kɑrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, *mark* `/mɑrk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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在美式英语中，长元音 `/ɑː/` 常常会被儿化 —— 加上一个卷舌音 `r`，所以很多美式词典干脆用 `ɑr` 标注（包括 CEPD）。比如，*card* `/kɑrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, *mark* `/mɑrk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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The long vowel `/ɑː/` is often *rhotacized* - meaning it is followed by a `r` sound, which leads to many American Dictionaries replacing `ɑː` with `ɑr`. For example, *card* is pronounced as `/kɑrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, and *mark* as `/mɑrk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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The long vowel `/ɑː/` is often *rhotacized* - meaning it is followed by a `r` sound, which leads to many American Dictionaries replacing `ɑː` with `ɑr`, including CEPD. For example, *card* is pronounced as `/kɑrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, and *mark* as `/mɑrk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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在英音中，长元音 `ɑː` 对应的短元音是 `ʌ`。但，在美音中，长元音 `ɑr` 对应的更短版本是 `ɑː` —— 不要被这个长元音符号迷惑了，它实际上对应的是英音中的短元音 `ɒ`，只不过相对略长一些。比如，*hot*, 英音是 `/hɒt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/hot-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/hot-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音是 `/hɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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@@ -26,8 +26,10 @@ In British English, the short vowel matching the long vowel `ɑː` is `ʌ`. Howe
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In American English, the British `ɑː` sound is pronounced as `æ`. The most common example is the word *ask*. In British English, it's pronounced as `/ɑːsk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/ask-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/ask-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while in American English, it's pronounced as `/æsk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ask-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ask-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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总结一下，这也是美音比较特殊的地方，`ʌ` 相当于有三个版本，短元音 `ʌ`（*but* `/bʌt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3"></span>），半长元音 `ɑ`（*hot* `/hɑt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>[^1]） 和长元音 `ɑr`（*card* `/kɑːrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>）。
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总结一下，这也是美音比较特殊的地方：
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To sum up, it's an interesting feature of American English: the sound `ʌ` actually has three versions. You've got the short vowel `ʌ` as in *but* `/bʌt/`, the half-long vowel `ɑ` as in *hot* `/hɑt/`, and the long vowel `ɑr` as in *card* `/kɑːrd/`.
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> `ʌ` 相当于有三个版本 —— 短元音 `ʌ`（*but* `/bʌt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3"></span>），半长元音 `ɑː`（*hot* `/hɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>）和儿化的长元音 `ɑr`（*card* `/kɑːrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>）。
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[^1]: In the CEPD, *hot* is actually annotated as `/hɑːt/` — the long vowel symbol (`ː`) here is a bit perplexing.
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To sum up, it's an interesting feature of American English:
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> The sound `ʌ` actually has three versions. You've got the short vowel `ʌ` as in *but* `/bʌt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3"></span>, the half-long vowel `ɑː` as in *hot* `/hɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>, and the rhotacized long vowel `ɑr` as in *card* `/kɑːrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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