08-19-1134, chapter 3.2.5
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xiaolai
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<td><b>v</b>oice <span class="pho alt">vɔɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/voice-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/voice-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">θ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_think_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>th</b>ank <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/thank-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/thank-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">θ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_think_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>th</b>ank <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thank-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thank-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">ð</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_this_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>th</b>is <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/this-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/this-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">ð</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_this_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>th</b>is <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/this-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/this-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">s</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_say_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>s</b>ituation <span class="pho alt">ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/situation-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/situation-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">s</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_say_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>z</b>oo <span class="pho alt">zuː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/zoo-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/zoo-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">θ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_think_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>th</b>ank <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/thank-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/thank-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">θ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_think_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>th</b>ank <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thank-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thank-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">ð</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_this_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>th</b>is <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/this-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/this-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">ð</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_this_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>th</b>is <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/this-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/this-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">ʃ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_she_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>sh</b>ore <span class="pho alt">ʃɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/shore-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/shore-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">ʃ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_she_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 的发声关键在于**舌尖起始位置** —— 顶在**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）上，即，位置 ③，而不是贴在牙齿上。
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg"></img></td>
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<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-td.svg"></img></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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在中文普通话里，<span class="pho">t/d</span> 这两个声母发声时舌尖起始位置贴在牙齿上；你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（<span class="pho">wǒ tī sǐ nǐ</span>）<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>……
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# 2.2.6. <span class="pho">s/z</span>
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# 3.2.5. <span class="pho">s</span>/<span class="pho">z</span>
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<span class="pho">s/z</span> 对所有人来说都没有什么具体的难度。<span class="pho">s/z</span> 发声时舌尖起始位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 —— 即，位置 ②（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
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## 3.2.5.1. 示例
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The <span class="pho">s/z</span> sounds don't really pose a challenge for most people. When producing these sounds, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* between teeth and gums, i.e. position ② (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>D.J.</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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<td>IPA</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">s</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_say_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>s</b>ituation <span class="pho alt">ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/situation-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/situation-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">s</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_say_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>s</b>ituation <span class="pho alt">ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/situation-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/situation-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<td><span class="pho">z</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_zoo_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>z</b>oo <span class="pho alt">zuː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/zoo-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/zoo-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">z</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_zoo_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>z</b>oo <span class="pho alt">zuː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/zoo-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/zoo-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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## 3.2.5.2. 舌尖起始位置
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中文里当然也有 <span class="pho">s</span> 这个音，但，中文里的 <span class="pho">s</span> 在发音时舌尖起始位置更接近下排牙齿，即，比位置 ② 更低一些 —— 虽然听不出什么区别。你可以再试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（<span class="pho">wǒ tī sǐ nǐ</span>）<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>…… 不过，作为中国人你需要新练一个 <span class="pho">s</span>，否则，说英文时经常遇到更费力的情况，比如，在说 <span class="pho">st</span> 这个组合的时候 —— 这恰好也是英文中使用频率相当高的一个组合。
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<span class="pho">s/z</span> 发声时舌尖起始位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 —— 即，位置 ②。
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Of course, the sound <span class="pho">s</span> exists in Chinese as well, but when you pronounce it, the tip of your tongue starts closer to the lower teeth—slightly lower than position ②, even though you can't really hear the difference. Again, you can try this out by saying "wǒ tī sǐ nǐ" (我踢死你！)<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span> in Mandarin.However, for Chinese speakers, it's necessary to practice a new <span class="pho">s</span> sound to make speaking English less strenuous, especially when saying combinations like <span class="pho">st</span> — which happens to be a very common combination in English.
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg"></img></td>
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<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-sz.svg"></img></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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中文里当然也有 <span class="pho">s</span> 这个音，但，中文里的 <span class="pho">s</span> 在发音时舌尖起始位置更接近下排牙齿，即，比位置 ② 更低一些你可以再试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（<span class="pho">wǒ tī sǐ nǐ</span>）<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>……
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虽然两个略微不同的舌尖起始位置在单个音素中听不出什么区别。但，如果作为中国人不练出一个舌尖起始位置为 ② 的 <span class="pho">s</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_say_2023feb.mp3"></span>，那么说英文就相当吃力…… 比如，在说 <span class="pho">st</span> 这个组合的时候 —— 而 <span class="pho">st</span> 这恰好也是英文中使用频率特别高的一个组合。
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## 3.2.5.3. <span class="pho">s</span> 之后的浊化
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另外，需要注意的是，<span class="pho">s</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">p/t/tr/k</span> 作为音节开头时会被浊化（比如，音节末尾的 <span class="pho">st</span> 中的 <span class="pho">t</span> 不会被浊化），相应读成 <span class="pho">b/d/dr/g</span>（但是，音标标注却保持原样）：
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Also, it's important to note that, following an <span class="pho">s</span> that starts a syllable, <span class="pho">p/t/tr/k</span> are voiced, meaning they are pronounced like <span class="pho">b/d/dr/g</span> respectively, while the phonetic annotations remain unchanged. However, this rule doesn't apply when these consonants are at the end of a syllable, like the <span class="pho">t</span> in <span class="pho">st</span>:
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> * *speak* <span class="pho alt">spiːk</span> → <span class="pho alt">sbiːk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/speak-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/speak-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * *student* <span class="pho alt">ˈstudənt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˈsdudənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/student-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/student-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * *school* <span class="pho alt">skuːl</span> → <span class="pho alt">sguːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/school-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/school-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * *frustrate* <span class="pho alt">ˈfrʌˌstreɪt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˈfrʌˌsdreɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/frustrate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/frustrate-us-female.mp3"></span>
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另外，英文的辅音并没有长短区分 —— 有些语言的辅音是有长短区分的，虽然亚洲语言基本都没有这种差别。然而，英文的 <span class="pho">f/v</span>、<span class="pho">s/z</span>、<span class="pho">ʃ</span> 以及 <span class="pho">ts</span> 是可以拉长的，尤其是 <span class="pho">s</span> 和 <span class="pho">ts</span>。
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## 3.2.5.4. 长辅音
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In addition, in English, there's no differentiation between long and short consonant sounds. This is a feature found in some languages but is generally not present in Asian languages. However, in English, the sounds of <span class="pho">f/v</span>, <span class="pho">s/z</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, and <span class="pho">ts</span> can be lengthened, especially <span class="pho">s</span> and <span class="pho">ts</span>.
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英文的辅音原本并没有长短区分 —— 有些语言的辅音是有长短区分的 —— 亚洲语言也基本都没有这种差别。
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## 拼写（Spellings）
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然而，英文的 <span class="pho">f/v</span>、<span class="pho">s/z</span>、<span class="pho">ʃ</span> 以及 <span class="pho">ts</span> 是可以拉长的，尤其是 <span class="pho">s</span> 和 <span class="pho">ts</span>。经过提醒之后，在自然语流中你经常会注意到这种情况。
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## 3.2.5.5. 拼写（Spellings）
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### <span class="pho">s</span>
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