85 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
85 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
# 2.2.3 <span class="pho">t/d</span>
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虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 的发声关键在于起始的舌尖位置 —— 顶在**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）上，而不是贴在牙齿上 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
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While every language has the consonants <span class="pho">t</span> and <span class="pho">d</span>, the key to pronouncing them in English lies in the starting position of the tip of the tongue - it should touch the *alveolar ridge*, i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)), not the *teeth*.
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在中文普通话里，<span class="pho">t/d</span> 这两个声母发声时起始的舌尖位置贴在牙齿上；你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（<span class="pho">wǒ tī sǐ nǐ</span>）<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>……
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In Mandarin Chinese, the starting position of the tongue tip for the <span class="pho">t</span> and <span class="pho">d</span> sounds rests on the teeth. You can try this out by saying "wǒ tī sǐ nǐ" (我踢死你！)<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span> in Mandarin.
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对中国人来说，起初的时候这是个相当难以纠正的习惯，因为舌尖总是不由自主地贴到牙齿上而不是龈脊上 —— 只能通过大量且高密度的练习建立新习惯。
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For Chinese speakers, it's a pretty tough to correct at first because the tongue tip instinctively goes to the teeth, not the *alveolar ridge*. It can only be corrected through intense and frequent practice to build a new habit.
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另外，就好像 <span class="pho">p/b</span> 在发音的时候会自然带着一个很轻的 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 一样，<span class="pho">t/d</span> 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，不过，不是 <span class="pho">ə</span> 而是 <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> —— 之前提到过，相当于中文里 “思念” 的 “思”（<span class="pho">sī</span>）的韵母（[2.1.10](2.1.10-ɤ)）。
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Additionally, just as the <span class="pho">p</span> and <span class="pho">b</span> sound naturally carries a slight <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound in its pronunciation, the <span class="pho">t</span> and <span class="pho">d</span> sound also carries a light vowel sound. But instead of 'ə', it's <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> - as previously mentioned, this is equivalent to the vowel in the Chinese word for 思, which is <span class="pho">sī.</span>
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在中文拼音里，<span class="pho">i</span> 在 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 之后相当于英文音标中的 <span class="pho">i</span>；在 <span class="pho">z/c/s</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">i</span> 才会读成 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>…… 所以，依据母语的习惯，中国人习惯于将 <span class="pho">t(ɤ)</span> 读作 <span class="pho">tə</span>，将 <span class="pho">d(ɤ)</span> 读作 <span class="pho">də</span>。需要为此专门建立一个新习惯。
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In the Chinese phonetic system, <span class="pho">i</span> following <span class="pho">t/d</span> is similar to <span class="pho">i</span> in English phonetic notation. Meanwhile, <span class="pho">i</span> after <span class="pho">z/c/s</span> is pronounced as <span class="pho">ɤ</span>. So, according to the habits of their native language, Chinese speakers tend to pronounce <span class="pho">t(ɤ)</span> as <span class="pho">tə</span>, and <span class="pho">d(ɤ)</span> as <span class="pho">də</span>. This calls for establishing a new habit.
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<span class="pho">t</span> 这个音素，也许是美式英语的辅音里最复杂的一个 —— 当然也是最常用的一个。美式英语中，<span class="pho">t</span> 的变体（allophone）至少有以下几种：
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The <span class="pho">t</span> sound may be the most complex in American English consonant pronunciations — and certainly one of the most frequently used. In American English, several variations, or *allophones*, of <span class="pho">t</span> exist:
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> * 正常音 <span class="pho">t</span> - 通常是 <span class="pho">t</span> 处于重音音节开头的时候才会被正常读出，比如，*take* <span class="pho alt">teɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/take-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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> * Standard <span class="pho">t</span> - This is the typical pronunciation, when <span class="pho">t</span> begins a stressed syllable, as in *take* <span class="pho alt">teɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/take-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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> * 阻塞音 <span class="pho">t</span> - 处于音节末尾的 <span class="pho">t</span>，有时只是舌尖动作完整，却没有发出声音。即，舌尖顶到龈脊之后并没有送出气流。比如，*cat* <span class="pho alt">kæt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cat-us-female.mp3"></span>。IPA 里有一个专门的标记符号（<span class="pho">◌̚</span>）用来标注发声器官动作完整却没有发声因而产生停顿（*stop*）的辅音（包括 <span class="pho">t/d/p/b/k/g</span>）。比如，*cat* <span class="pho alt">kæt</span> 会被标注成 <span class="pho alt">kæt̚</span>。
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> * Stop <span class="pho">t</span> - This refers to when the <span class="pho">t</span> is at the end of a syllable, often the tongue completes the movement but no sound is actually made. In other words, the tongue touches the ridge of the alveolar ridge but doesn't release a flow of air. An example of this can be found in the word *cat* <span class="pho alt">kæt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cat-us-female.mp3"></span>. And in IPA, there's a specific notation symbol, represented as <span class="pho">◌̚</span>, used to mark consonants like <span class="pho">t/d/p/b/k/g</span> that are fully articulated but not voiced, resulting in a *stop*. For instance, the word *cat*, pronounced as <span class="pho alt">kæt</span>, would be notated as <span class="pho alt">kæt̚</span>.
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> * 弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span> - 夹在两个元音中间的 <span class="pho">t</span> 会变成接近 <span class="pho">d</span> 的弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>，比如，*water* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑːt̬ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/water-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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> * Flaping <span class="pho">t̬</span>: When <span class="pho">t</span> is situated between two vowels, it tends to be flaping <span class="pho">t̬</span>, sounding like <span class="pho">d</span>, as in water <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑːt̬ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/water-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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> * 喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span> - <span class="pho">m/n/l</span> 之前的 <span class="pho">t</span> 有可能变成喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>，比如，*utmost* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔˌmoʊst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, *witness* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>, 或 *fruitless* <span class="pho alt">ˈfruːtləs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fruitless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fruitless-us-female.mp3"></span>。如果你不知道喉塞音是什么样的，听听 *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— <span class="pho alt">ʌʔoʊ</span>……
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> * Glottal Stop <span class="pho">ʔ</span> - The <span class="pho">t</span> before <span class="pho">m/n/l</span> might transform into a glottal stop, as in *utmost* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔˌmoʊst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, *witness* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *fruitless* <span class="pho alt">ˈfruːtləs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fruitless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fruitless-us-female.mp3"></span>. If you don't understand what is a *glottal stop*, listen to the phrase, *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— <span class="pho alt">ʌʔoʊ</span>...
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> * 省略音/可选音 <span class="pho">ᵗ</span> - 非重读音节末尾 <span class="pho">n</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">t</span> 可能会被省略掉，比如，*winter* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪnᵗɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 当然，若是读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪntɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>也没错……[^1] 。
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> * Optional <span class="pho">ᵗ</span> - The <span class="pho">t</span> following <span class="pho">n</span> at the end of an unstressed syllable might be omitted, as in *winter* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪnᵗɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> - of course, <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪntɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>is also correct.[^2]
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美式发音中，相对最特殊也需要最多注意和练习的辅音是 <span class="pho">t</span>，元音是 <span class="pho">ɚ/ɝː</span>（[2.1.5](2.1.5-ə)）。
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In American English pronunciation, the consonant <span class="pho">t</span> and the vowel sound <span class="pho">ɚ/ɝː</span> ([2.1.5](2.1.5-ə)) deserve special attention and practice due to their unique characteristics.
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[^1]: 非重读音节末尾的 *nd* 中的 <span class="pho">d</span> 也常常并不发音，最常见的比如 *and* 会被读作 <span class="pho alt">ən</span>，再比如，*a second offer* 会被说成 <span class="pho alt">ə ˈsekən‿ɑːfɚ</span>。甚至，<span class="pho">ntʃ</span> 也常常被读成 <span class="pho">nᵗʃ</span>，比如，*adventure* <span class="pho">/ədˈvenᵗʃɚ/</span>, 或者 *French* <span class="pho">/frenᵗʃ/</span> —— 在 <span class="pho">nᵗʃ</span> 这一点上，美式英语和英式英语都一样。
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[^2]: In American English, the <span class="pho">d</span> in "*nd*" at the end of an unstressed syllable also often goes silent. For example, "*and*" is usually pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ən</span>. Another instance is "*a second offer*," which sounds like <span class="pho alt">ə ˈsekən‿ɑːfɚ</span>. Even <span class="pho">ntʃ</span> is often pronounced as <span class="pho">nᵗʃ</span>. For example, adventure <span class="pho">/ədˈvenᵗʃɚ/</span> or French <span class="pho">/frenᵗʃ/</span>. In this respect, <span class="pho">nᵗʃ</span>, American English and British English are the same.
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## 拼写（Spellings）
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### <span class="pho">t</span>
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* **t**
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- take <span class="pho alt">teɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/take-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- top <span class="pho alt">tɑːp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/top-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/top-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- tilt <span class="pho alt">tɪlt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tilt-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/tilt-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **th**
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- Thomas <span class="pho alt">ˈtoʊm.əs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/thomas-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/thomas-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- Thames <span class="pho alt">temz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/thames-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/thames-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- thyme <span class="pho alt">taɪm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/thyme-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/thyme-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **tt**
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- butter <span class="pho alt">ˈbʌt̬.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/butter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/butter-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- little <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/little-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- matter <span class="pho alt">ˈmæt̬.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/matter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/matter-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ght**
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- caught <span class="pho alt">kɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/caught-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/caught-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- taught <span class="pho alt">tɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/taught-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/taught-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- thought <span class="pho alt">θɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/thought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/thought-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ed** (after a voiceless consonant <span class="pho">p, k, f, s, sh, ch, th</span>)
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- hoped <span class="pho alt">hoʊpt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hoped-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hoped-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- laughed <span class="pho alt">læft</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/laughed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/laughed-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- liked <span class="pho alt">laɪkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/liked-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/liked-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- watched <span class="pho alt">wɑːtʃt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/watched-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/watched-us-female.mp3"></span>
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### <span class="pho">d</span>
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* **d**
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- dog <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- deed <span class="pho alt">diːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/deed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/deed-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- need <span class="pho alt">niːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/need-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/need-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **dd**
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- add <span class="pho alt">æd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/add-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/add-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- riddle <span class="pho alt">ˈrɪd.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/riddle-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/riddle-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- sudden <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌd.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sudden-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sudden-us-female.mp3"></span>
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