58 lines
5.9 KiB
Markdown
58 lines
5.9 KiB
Markdown
# 3.3.3 顿与停（Stop and Pause）
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在讨论**连接**（*linking*）之前有必要先研究一下**顿**（*stop*）与**停**（*pause*）—— 这一步至关重要、不可或缺。（为了便于理解，在中文表述中，我们用 “停顿” 表示 “顿”，用 “暂停” 表示 “停”。）
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Before delving into the concepts of *linking* words, it's essential to first understand *stops* and *pauses*, which is a crucial step and can't be overlooked.
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在自然语流中，多音节词汇里常常夹杂着**停顿**（*stop*）—— 这是很多初学者干脆感受不到的，所以，他们不是忽略了那些停顿，而是可能压根就不知道某些地方竟然存在停顿。
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In natural speech flow, many polysyllabic words are often peppered with *breaks*. This is something many beginners might not even notice, not because they ignore these breaks, but because they might not realize there are supposed to be breaks in certain places.
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一个常见的停顿来自于**重读音节**。当我们想要强调某个音节的时候，为了能把它读得相对较重，在此之前往往需要**停顿**一下 —— 做个准备。
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When we want to emphasize a syllable, we often need to *stop* briefly before it to prepare for the pronunciation.
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比如，你可以试着读一下 *absolutely* `/ˌæbsəˈluːtli/`…… 为了把 `/lu/` 这个音节读成**重音**（顺带说，这是个长元音），你可能就会不由自主地在发出 `sə` 之后略微**停顿**一下…… 拿之前的例子 *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` 再试一下，若是在 `/vɪ/` 之前略微**停顿**一下，就能相对更为轻松地将它读成**重音**。
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Take the word *absolutely* `/ˌæbsəˈluːtli/` for instance. To *stress* the `/luː/` syllable, which is long, you might find yourself involuntarily stopping slightly after pronouncing `sə`. The same practice applies to the word *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/`, which you've practiced before. A brief stop before `/vɪ/` makes it relatively easier to stress.
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另外一个更为常见的**停顿**相对比较微妙，它就在那里，可不仅听不到，也看不到。
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Another frequent stop is more subtle. It's there, but you can't see or hear it.
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比如，在 *hotdog* 这个词里，`t` 的声音是听不到的，但，它的舌尖动作却是**完整**的，所以，能够听到的不是 `/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/`，也不是 `/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`，而是 `/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/` —— 这里的 `·` 表示因 `t` 的舌尖动作完整却没有发出任何声音而产生的**停顿**。你可以再试试 network `/ˈnɛtˌwərk/` 这个词 —— 这里面的 `t` 也是同样的机制。
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Consider the word *hotdog*. You can't hear the 't,' but the articulation is complete. So instead of hearing '/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/' or '/ˈhɑˌdɔg/,' you hear '/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/' – the '·' represents a stop created by the 't' sound's complete articulation without any audible output. Try the same with 'network' – the 't' applies the same principle.
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这类**停顿**（*stop*），也叫**塞音**，最常见的有 3 种：
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There are three main types of stops, in English:
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> * 齿塞音：`θ`、`ð` —— I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother. 第四个单词 `/pæθ/` 末尾的 `θ` 就是一个齿塞音。
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> * dental stop: `θ`, `ð` - For example, in "I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother", the final `θ` in `pæθ` is a dental stop.
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> * 龈塞音: `t`、`d` —— He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss. 第二个单词 `/traɪd/` 末尾的 `d` 就是一个龈塞音。
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> * alveolar stop: `t`, `d` - As in "He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss," where the final `d` in `/traɪd/` is an alveolar stop.
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> * 喉塞音：`k`、`g` —— I don't *thin**k*** that is true. 第三个单词 `/θɪŋk/` 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音。
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> * glottal stop: `k`, `g` - An example would be "I don't *thin**k*** that is true," where the `k` at the end of `/θɪŋk/` is a glottal stop.
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不管是哪一种，都是因为之前的一个辅音**虽然并未发出声音却动作完整**造成的。
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Regardless of the type, such a stop occurs when a previous consonant is fully articulated without actually producing sound.
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除了**停顿**（*stop*）之外，一句话可能会被分为若干个**意群**（*meaning group*），意群之间总是有着明显的**暂停**（*pause*）。
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Apart from *stops*, a sentence can be divided into several *meaning groups*, each separated by an obvious *pause*.
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比如，*I don't think I've got any milk left*. 这句话显然会被分割为至少两个**意群**：*I don't think* | *I've got any milk left*. 因为两个意群之间有**暂停**，所以 *think* `/θɪŋk/` 末尾的 `k` 不会与后面的只有一个元音的单音节词汇 *I* `/aɪ/` 连在一起。另外，请注意这里的 *milk* —— 这个词你专门练过 —— 它末尾的 `k` 是个**喉塞音**……
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For example, the sentence "*I don't think I've got any milk left.*" would likely be split into two meaning groups: "*I don't think*" and "*I've got any milk left.*" Because there's a *pause* between these groups, the `k` at the end of *think* doesn't connect with the following monosyllabic word *I*. Additionally, note the word *milk* - a word you've intensely practiced before - at the end, where there's a *glottal stop* with the `k` sound.
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**停顿**（*stop*）与**暂停**（*pause*）可以用**可否换气**进行区分：
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The distinction between *stop* and *pause* can be clarified by whether or not one has the opportunity to take a breath:
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> * 音节之间的**停顿**（*stop*）通常是不用甚至不能换气的；
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> * A *stop* usually occurs between syllables where you don't need to, and often can't, take a breath;
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> * 意群之间的**暂停**（*pause*）是可以换气的 —— 当然若非必要也可以不换气；
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> * A *pause* typically happens between meaning groups, where you have the opportunity to take a breath - although it's not always necessary to do so.
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