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# 1.2. 音素（Phonemes）
在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为音素（phonemes）。英语的音素分为元音和辅音。
In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as phonemes. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: vowels and consonants.
英文的音素用音标标注其发音。遗憾的是，英文音标标注方式并不统一。
In English, phonemes are annotated by phonetic symbols to indicate pronunciation. Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation.
我们在这里采用了 Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (CEPD) 的音标标注体系。
Here, we use the phonetic notation system from the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary.
Note
CEPD 的英式英语的音标是 D.J. 音标体系；而它的美式英语的音标采用的是国际音标体系（IPA）；其详细说明请参考 CEPD 的官方网址1 ：
The phonetic notation for British English in CEPD uses the D.J. system, while for American English, it adopts the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For a detailed explanation, please refer to the official CEPD website:
1.2.1. 元音（Vowels）
| Vowels | Examples |
|---|---|
ʌ |
cup /kʌp/ |
ɑː |
father /ˈfɑːðɚ/ |
e |
head /hed/ |
æ |
hat /hæt/ |
ə |
above /əˈbʌv/ |
ɚ |
mother /ˈmʌðɚ/ |
ɝː |
bird /bɝːd/ |
ɪ |
ship /ʃɪp/ |
i |
happy /ˈhæpi/ |
iː |
sheep /ʃiːp/ |
ɔː |
horse /hɔːrs/ |
ʊ |
foot /fʊt/ |
u |
situation /ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/ |
uː |
blue /bluː/ |
eɪ |
day /deɪ/ |
aɪ |
eye /aɪ/ |
ɔɪ |
boy /bɔɪ/ |
oʊ |
nose /noʊz/ |
aʊ |
mouth /maʊθ/ |
ɪr |
ear /ɪr/ |
er |
hair /her/ |
ʊr |
pure /pjʊr/ |
aɪr |
fire /faɪr/ |
aʊr |
hour /aʊr/ |
1.2.2. 辅音（Consonants）
| Consonants | Examples |
|---|---|
p |
pen /pen/ |
b |
book /bʊk/ |
t |
town /taʊn/ |
t̬ |
cutting /ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/ |
d |
day /deɪ/ |
k |
cat /kæt/ |
g |
give /ɡɪv/ |
f |
fish /fɪʃ/ |
v |
very /ˈveri/ |
s |
say /seɪ/ |
z |
zoo /zuː/ |
θ |
think /θɪŋk/ |
ð |
this /ðɪs/ |
ʃ |
she /ʃiː/ |
ʒ |
vision /ˈvɪʒən/ |
h |
hand /hænd/ |
tʃ |
cheese /tʃiːz/ |
dʒ |
jump /dʒʌmp/ |
m |
moon /muːn/ |
n |
name /neɪm/ |
ŋ |
sing /sɪŋ/ |
l |
look /lʊk/ |
r |
run /rʌn/ |
w |
we /wiː/ |
j |
yes /jes/ |
注：这个列表中，ts 和 dz 并未包括其中 —— 比如，treats /triːts/, friends /frendz/。
Note: This list does not include ts and dz — for instance, as in treats /tri:ts/ and friends /frendz/.
1.2.3. 外来音素（Foreign Phonemes）
| Phonemes | Examples |
|---|---|
ɒ̃ |
croissant |
x |
loch |
1.2.4. 重音符号（Stress symbols）
| Symbols | Functions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| ˈ | primary stress | vision /ˈvɪʒən/ |
| ˌ | secondary stress | controversial /ˌkɑːntrəˈvɝːʃəl/ |