36 lines
9.1 KiB
Markdown
36 lines
9.1 KiB
Markdown
# 2.2.3 <span class="pho">t/d</span>
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虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 的发声关键在于起始的舌尖位置 —— 顶在**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）上，而不是贴在牙齿上 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
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While every language has the consonants <span class="pho">t</span> and <span class="pho">d</span>, the key to pronouncing them in English lies in the starting position of the tip of the tongue - it should touch the *alveolar ridge*, i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)), not the *teeth*.
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在中文普通话里，<span class="pho">t/d</span> 这两个声母发声时起始的舌尖位置贴在牙齿上；你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（<span class="pho">wǒ tī sǐ nǐ</span>）<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>……
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In Mandarin Chinese, the starting position of the tongue tip for the <span class="pho">t</span> and <span class="pho">d</span> sounds rests on the teeth. You can try this out by saying "wǒ tī sǐ nǐ" (我踢死你！)<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span> in Mandarin.
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对中国人来说，起初的时候这是个相当难以纠正的习惯，因为舌尖总是不由自主地贴到牙齿上而不是龈脊上 —— 只能通过大量且高密度的练习建立新习惯。
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For Chinese speakers, it's a pretty tough to correct at first because the tongue tip instinctively goes to the teeth, not the *alveolar ridge*. It can only be corrected through intense and frequent practice to build a new habit.
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另外，就好像 <span class="pho">p/b</span> 在发音的时候会自然带着一个很轻的 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 一样，<span class="pho">t/d</span> 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，不过，不是 <span class="pho">ə</span> 而是 <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> —— 之前提到过，相当于中文里 “思念” 的 “思”（<span class="pho">sī</span>）的韵母（[2.1.10](2.1.10-ɤ)）。
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Additionally, just as the <span class="pho">p</span> and <span class="pho">b</span> sound naturally carries a slight <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound in its pronunciation, the <span class="pho">t</span> and <span class="pho">d</span> sound also carries a light vowel sound. But instead of 'ə', it's <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> - as previously mentioned, this is equivalent to the vowel in the Chinese word for 思, which is <span class="pho">sī.</span>
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在中文拼音里，<span class="pho">i</span> 在 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 之后相当于英文音标中的 <span class="pho">i</span>；在 <span class="pho">z/c/s</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">i</span> 才会读成 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>…… 所以，依据母语的习惯，中国人习惯于将 <span class="pho">t(ɤ)</span> 读作 <span class="pho">tə</span>，将 <span class="pho">d(ɤ)</span> 读作 <span class="pho">də</span>。需要为此专门建立一个新习惯。
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In the Chinese phonetic system, <span class="pho">i</span> following <span class="pho">t/d</span> is similar to <span class="pho">i</span> in English phonetic notation. Meanwhile, <span class="pho">i</span> after <span class="pho">z/c/s</span> is pronounced as <span class="pho">ɤ</span>. So, according to the habits of their native language, Chinese speakers tend to pronounce <span class="pho">t(ɤ)</span> as <span class="pho">tə</span>, and <span class="pho">d(ɤ)</span> as <span class="pho">də</span>. This calls for establishing a new habit.
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<span class="pho">t</span> 这个音素，也许是美式英语的辅音里最复杂的一个 —— 当然也是最常用的一个。美式英语中，<span class="pho">t</span> 的变体（allophone）至少有四个：
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The <span class="pho">t</span> sound may be the most complex in American English consonant pronunciations — and certainly one of the most frequently used. In American English, at least four variations, or *allophones*, of <span class="pho">t</span> exist:
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> * 正常音 <span class="pho">t</span> - 通常是 <span class="pho">t</span> 处于重音音节开头的时候才会被正常读出，比如，*take* <span class="pho alt">teɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/take-us-female.mp3"></span>；
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> * Standard <span class="pho">t</span> - This is the typical pronunciation, when <span class="pho">t</span> begins a stressed syllable, as in *take* <span class="pho alt">teɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/take-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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> * 弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span> - 夹在两个元音中间的 <span class="pho">t</span> 会变成接近 <span class="pho">d</span> 的弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>，比如，*water* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑːt̬ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/water-us-female.mp3"></span>；
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> * Flaping <span class="pho">t̬</span>: When <span class="pho">t</span> is situated between two vowels, it tends to be flaping <span class="pho">t̬</span>, sounding like <span class="pho">d</span>, as in water <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑːt̬ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/water-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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> * 喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span> - <span class="pho">m/n/l</span> 之前的 <span class="pho">t</span> 有可能变成喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>，比如，*utmost* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔˌmoʊst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, *witness* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>, 或 *fruitless* <span class="pho alt">ˈfruːtləs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fruitless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fruitless-us-female.mp3"></span>。如果你不知道喉塞音是什么样的，听听 *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— <span class="pho alt">ʌʔoʊ</span>……
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> * Glottal Stop <span class="pho">ʔ</span> - The <span class="pho">t</span> before <span class="pho">m/n/l</span> might transform into a glottal stop, as in *utmost* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔˌmoʊst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, *witness* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *fruitless* <span class="pho alt">ˈfruːtləs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fruitless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fruitless-us-female.mp3"></span>. If you don't understand what is a *glottal stop*, listen to the phrase, *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— <span class="pho alt">ʌʔoʊ</span>...
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> * 省略音 <span class="pho">ᵗ</span> - <span class="pho">n</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">t</span> 可能会被省略掉，比如，*winter* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪnᵗər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 当然，若是读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪntər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>也没错……
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> * Optional <span class="pho">ᵗ</span> - The <span class="pho">t</span> following <span class="pho">n</span> might be omitted, as in *winter* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪnᵗər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> - of course, <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪntər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>is also correct. |