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2.1.2. ʌ/ɑː
从唇形上来看，ʌ 的唇形最小，ɑ 的唇形最大。
In terms of mouth shape, the vowel sound ʌ requires the lips to be the most closed, while the vowel sound ɑ requires the lips to be the most open.
美国人会把 ʌ 读成 ə，比如，but 会被读成 /bət/。
Americans often pronounce the ʌ sound as ə, turning words like but into /bət/.
美国人还会再进一步，会把很多非重读音节内的元音简化为 ə —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 schwa。所以，encourage 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/，但，美国人却将其被读成 /ɪnˈkərədʒ/ —— 不仅要将 ʌ 读成 ə，还要将 i 变成 schwa, ə……
They even go a step further, simplifying many unstressed vowel sounds to ə, which is particularly referred to as a schwa. So, the word encourage is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/, while Americans pronounce it as /ɪnˈkərədʒ/. In this case, not only is ʌ pronounced as ə, but the i also turns into a schwa, ə...
长元音 /ɑː/ 常常会被儿化 —— 加上一个卷舌音 r，所以很多美式词典干脆用 ɑr 替代 ɑː。比如，card /kɑrd/, mark /mɑrk/。
The long vowel /ɑː/ is often rhotacized - meaning it is followed by a r sound, which leads to many American Dictionaries replacing ɑː with ɑr. For example, card is pronounced as /kɑrd/, and mark as /mɑrk/.
在英音中，长元音 ɑː 对应的短元音是 ʌ。但，在美音中，长元音 ɑr 对应的更短版本是 ɑ；不过，它实际上是英音中的短元音 ɒ。比如，hot, 英音是 /hɒt/ ，美音是 /hɑt/。
In British English, the short vowel matching the long vowel ɑː is ʌ. However, in American English, the short vowel corresponding to the long vowel ɑr is ɑ, which is actually similar to the British short vowel ɒ, yet a little bit longer. For instance, the word hot is pronounced /hɒt/ in British English and /hɑt/ in American English.
这是美音比较特殊的地方，ɑ 要比短元音 ə 略长一点，但比真正的长元音 ɑː 要略短一点。
Here's an interesting quirk of American English: the vowel sound ɑ is a tad longer than the short vowel ə, yet slightly shorter than the true long vowel ɑː.