39 lines
1.9 KiB
Markdown
39 lines
1.9 KiB
Markdown
# 1.2 音素（Phonemes）
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在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为**音素**（phonemes）。英语的音素分为**元音**和**辅音**。
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In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as *phonemes*. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: *vowels* and *consonants*.
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## 1.2.1 元音（Vowels）
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英语总计约有 20 个**元音**。
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English approximately has 20 *vowels*.
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元音可以被分为短元音（*short vowels*）和**长元音**（*long vowels*）；与此同时，它们也可以分为**单元音**（*monophthongs*）和**双元音**（*diphthongs*）。
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Vowels can be classified into *long* and *short* vowels, or alternatively, they can also be grouped as *monophthongs* and *diphthongs*.
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| Monophthongs | | Diphthongs |
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| ------------ | --------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
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| Short vowels | `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, `ɒ` | |
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| Long vowels | `ɑː`, `æ`, `əː`, `iː`, `uː`, `ɔː` | `aɪ`, `eɪ`, `ɔɪ`, `aʊ`, `oʊ`, `eə`, `ɪə`, `ʊə` |
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## 1.2.2 辅音（Consonants）
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英文大约 28 个辅音。
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English approximately has 28 *consonants*.
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| Airflow | Voiced or not | Consonants |
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| --------- | ------------- | ----------------------- |
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| Plosive | Voiceless | `p`, `t`, `k` |
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| | Voiced | `b`, `d`, `g` |
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| Fricative | Voiceless | `f`, `s`, `θ`, `ʃ`, `h` |
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| | Voiced | `v`, `z`, `ð`, `ʒ`, `r` |
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| Affricate | Voiceless | `tʃ`, `tr`, `ts` |
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| | Voiced | `dʒ`, `dr`, `dz` |
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| Nasal | Voiced | `m`, `n`, `ŋ` |
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| Lateral | Voiced | `l` |
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| Semivowel | | `j`, `w` |
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