128 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
128 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
# 3.1.3. <span class="pho">ɪ</span>/<span class="pho">i</span>/<span class="pho">iː</span>/<span class="pho">ɪr</span>
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在美式英语中，<span class="pho">i</span> 有 *3* 个版本，短元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>、长元音 <span class="pho">iː</span> 和轻元音 <span class="pho">i</span>。其中，<span class="pho">i</span> 和 <span class="pho">iː</span> 的口型最小，<span class="pho">ɪ</span> 的口型相对较大。
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## 3.1.3.1. 示例
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>D.J.</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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<td>IPA</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">ɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_ship_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>th<b>i</b>s <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/this-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/this-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">ɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_ship_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>th<b>i</b>s <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/this-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/this-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">iː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>tr<b>ee</b> <span class="pho alt">triː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/tree-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/tree-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">iː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>tr<b>ee</b> <span class="pho alt">triː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tree-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tree-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_happy_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>cit<b>y</b> <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪt.i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/city-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/city-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">i<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_happy_2023feb.mp3"></span></span></td>
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<td>cit<b>y</b> <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪt̬.i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/city-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/city-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">ɪə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>id<b>ea</b> <span class="pho alt">aɪˈdɪə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/idea-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/idea-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">ɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>g<b>ear</b> <span class="pho alt">ɡɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/gear-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/gear-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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## 3.1.3.2. 短元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>
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短元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 并不简单地是长元音 <span class="pho">iː</span> 的更短版本，它更像是 <span class="pho">e</span> 和 <span class="pho">i</span> 之间的一个音。听起来很像是更短版本的 <span class="pho">eɪ</span>，从唇形上来看<span class="pho">ɪ</span> 更接近 <span class="pho">e</span> 。
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仔细听听这几个词汇：
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> * *bit* <span class="pho alt">bɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bit-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * *sit* <span class="pho alt">sɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sit-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * *hill* <span class="pho alt">hɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hill-us-female.mp3"></span>
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## 3.1.3.3. 长元音 <span class="pho">iː</span>
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<span class="pho">iː</span> 并不简单地是短元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 的长版本，它没有 <span class="pho">eɪ</span> 的音色，口型相对于 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 更为扁平。
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再进行一下比较：
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> * *bit* <span class="pho alt">bɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bit-us-female.mp3"></span> ⭤ *beat* <span class="pho alt">bi:t</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/beat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/beat-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * *sit* <span class="pho alt">sɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sit-us-female.mp3"></span> ⭤ *seat* <span class="pho alt">si:t</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/seat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/seat-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * *hill* <span class="pho alt">hɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hill-us-female.mp3"></span> ⭤ *heal* <span class="pho alt">hi:l</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/heal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/heal-us-female.mp3"></span>
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## 3.1.3.4. 轻元音 <span class="pho">i</span>
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<span class="pho">i</span> 这个音实际上还有个半长元音版本，尤其是在词汇末尾的时候最为常见，它更倾向于像是 <span class="pho">iː</span> 这个长元音的更短版本，是个**轻元音** —— 因为它只出现在**非重音音节**之中。
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比如，*city* <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪt̬.i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/city-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/city-us-female.mp3"></span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/city-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/city-uk-female.mp3"></span> 或者 *responsibility* <span class="pho alt">rɪˌspɑːn·səˈbɪl·ə·t̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/responsibility-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/responsibility-us-female.mp3"></span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/responsibility-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/responsibility-uk-female.mp3"></span> —— 在这一点上，英音美音都是一样的。
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值得注意的是，这一点很可能与我们在中国大陆的学校里学到的不一样 —— 主要是因为我们的教材常年不更新的缘故。《剑桥英语发声词典》也是到了第 *13* 版才全面把词汇末尾的 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 更改为 <span class="pho">i</span>（还专门有个名字，叫作 *happy i*）。另外，绝大多数电子词典配备 “真人发音” 也只不过是近十几年的事情而已。
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## 3.1.3.5. 儿化音 <span class="pho">ɪr</span>
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格外需要注意的是，<span class="pho">ɪr</span> 实际上是 <span class="pho">i</span> 的儿化音，而不是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 的儿化音。
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<span class="pho">ɪr</span>，相当于英音中的 <span class="pho">ɪə</span>，相当于是一个儿化的双元音 —— 可以理解为 <span class="pho">iᵊr</span> 或者 <span class="pho">iɚ</span>，比如，*ear* <span class="pho alt">ɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ear-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 不过要小心，不是所有的末尾的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 都是儿化的，比如 *idea* <span class="pho alt">aɪˈdiː.ə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/idea-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/idea-us-female.mp3"></span> 末尾的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 就没有儿化。
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## 3.1.3.6. 常见拼写
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### <span class="pho">ɪ</span>
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* **i**
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* bit <span class="pho alt">bɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bit-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* sit <span class="pho alt">sɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sit-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* hill <span class="pho alt">hɪl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hill-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **y**
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* gym <span class="pho alt">dʒɪm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/gym-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/gym-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* myth <span class="pho alt">mɪθ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/myth-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/myth-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* symbol <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪm.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/symbol-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/symbol-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **e**
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* pretty <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪt̬.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pretty-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pretty-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* English <span class="pho alt">ˈɪŋ.ɡlɪʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/english-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/english-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ui**
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* build <span class="pho alt">bɪld</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/build-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/build-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* guitar <span class="pho alt">ɡɪˈtɑːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/guitar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/guitar-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* guilty <span class="pho alt">ˈɡɪl.ti</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/guilty-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/guilty-us-female.mp3"></span>
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### <span class="pho">iː</span>
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* **ee**
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* bee <span class="pho alt">biː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bee-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bee-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* see <span class="pho alt">siː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/see-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/see-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* tree <span class="pho alt">triː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tree-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tree-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ea**
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* eat <span class="pho alt">iːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/eat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/eat-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* beach <span class="pho alt">biːtʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/beach-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/beach-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* leave <span class="pho alt">liːv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/leave-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/leave-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **e**
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* he <span class="pho alt">hiː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/he-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/he-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* me <span class="pho alt">miː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/me-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/me-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* she <span class="pho alt">ʃiː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/she-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/she-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ie**
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* believe <span class="pho alt">bɪˈliːv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/believe-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/believe-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* field <span class="pho alt">fiːld</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/field-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/field-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* chief <span class="pho alt">tʃiːf</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/chief-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/chief-us-female.mp3"></span>
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### <span class="pho">i</span>
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* **y**
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* happy <span class="pho alt">ˈhæp.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/happy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/happy-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* certainly <span class="pho alt">ˈsɝː.tən.li</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/certainly-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/certainly-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* unexpectedly <span class="pho alt">ˌʌn.ɪkˈspek.tɪd.li</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/unexpectedly-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/unexpectedly-us-female.mp3"></span>
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