everyone-can-use-english/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.3-cc.md

# 2.4.3. 辅音 + 辅音（Consonant + Consonant）

“**辅音 + 辅音**” 的组合需要注意的地方相对较多。

The combination of "consonant + consonant" often requires more attention.

## 2.4.3.1 省音（elision）

“**辅音 + 辅音**” 的组合，常常会造成前一个辅音虽然发声器官（*articulator*）动作完整但并不发声的情况，于是会出现一个既 “看不见” 也 “听不到” 的**停顿**（*stop*，[2.4.1](2.4.1-stop)），之前举过单词内存在这种情况的例子，*hotdog* <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑːtdɑːɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *network* <span class="pho alt">ˈnetwɝːk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>，再比如，*hard-nosed* <span class="pho alt">hɑːrd-noʊzd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hard-nosed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hard-nosed-us-female.mp3"></span>, *partner* <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑːrtnɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/partner-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/partner-us-female.mp3"></span>……

A "consonant + consonant" combination often results in an instance where the first consonant is articulated but not voiced, creating an *invisible and inaudible stop* ([2.4.1](2.4.1-stop)). Examples of this within words include previously mentioned *hotdog* <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑːtdɑːɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> and *network* <span class="pho alt">ˈnetwɝːk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>, as well as *hard-nosed* <span class="pho alt">hɑːrd-noʊzd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hard-nosed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hard-nosed-us-female.mp3"></span>, *partner* <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑːrtnɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/partner-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/partner-us-female.mp3"></span>, and so on.

有人把这种现象叫做 **省音**（*elision*）；但，这种说法容易产生误导，因为音的确是省了，但，动作却没省，不仅没有省，**动作还很完整**。

Some refer to this phenomenon as *elision*. While it's true that the sound is dropped, the action of articulation isn't skipped – in fact, it's fully completed.

在意群中，更是经常出现前一个词汇末尾是辅音，后一个词汇开头也是辅音的情况 —— 同样会出现**省音**。

Within a meaning group, it's common for a word to end with a consonant and the following word to begin with one, resulting in *elision*.

## 2.4.3.2. 叠音（geminates）

上一个音节末尾的辅音和下一个音节开头的辅音相同的时候，这一对相同的辅音被称作**叠音**（*geminates*）。在连贯的自然语音中，这两个辅音就只发声一次 —— 但听起来的时候，有可能感受到前一个辅音存在造成细微停顿。它从机制上来看，其实和**省音**（[2.4.3.1](2.4.3-cc#_2-4-3-1-省音-elision)）一样。其实哪怕相邻的两个辅音相似的时候，也会发生同样的现象。

When the same consonant ends one syllable and begins the next, this pair of identical consonants is known as *geminates*. In fluid, natural speech, these two consonants are vocalized only once— yet, you might sense a slight *stop* due to the presence of the previous consonant, and its completion of articulating action. Mechanically, this is similar to *elision* ([2.4.3.1](2.4.3-cc#_2-4-3-1-省音-elision)). This phenomenon also occurs even when two neighboring consonants are just similar, not identical.

比如，*that time*, 不是 <span class="pho">ðæt taɪm/</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">ðæ·t̬aɪm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/at-that-time-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/at-that-time-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 第一个 <span class="pho">t</span> 由于后面跟着一个辅音，于是产生了**省音**，听不到了，但，该有的停顿却依然在，在这里我们用 <span class="pho">·</span> 代表那个停顿 ；而后，第二个 <span class="pho">t</span> 与第三个 <span class="pho">t</span> 是**叠音**，这两个 <span class="pho">t</span> 只发声一次。又比如，*bad day*, 不是 <span class="pho alt">bæd deɪ</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">bæ·deɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/a-bad-day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/a-bad-day-us-female.mp3"></span>。 再比如，*with this*, 不是 <span class="pho alt">wɪθ ðɪs</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">wɪ·ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/with-this-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/with-this-us-female.mp3"></span>。

For instance, *at that time* is not pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ðæt taɪm</span>, but as <span class="pho alt">ðæ·t̬aɪm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/at-that-time-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/at-that-time-us-female.mp3"></span>. Here, the first <span class="pho">t</span> is elided because it is followed by another consonant, so you can't hear it. However, the expected pause is still there, represented by <span class="pho">·</span>. Then, the second <span class="pho">t</span> and the third <span class="pho">t</span> form a geminate, and are vocalized only once. Similarly, *bad day* is not pronounced as <span class="pho alt">bæd deɪ</span>, but as <span class="pho alt">bæ·deɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/a-bad-day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/a-bad-day-us-female.mp3"></span>; *with this*, is not <span class="pho alt">wɪθ ðɪs</span>，but <span class="pho alt">wɪ·ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/with-this-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/with-this-us-female.mp3"></span>.

## 2.4.3.3. 同化（assimilation）

同化（*assimilation*）主要有两种情况：

Assimilation, in English pronunciation, primarily happens in two key scenarios:

> * <span class="pho">t</span> + <span class="pho">j</span> = <span class="pho">tʃ</span>
> * <span class="pho">d</span> + <span class="pho">j</span> = <span class="pho">dʒ</span>

最常见的比如，*Don't you?* <span class="pho alt">doʊn tʃju?</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Dont-you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Dont-you-us-female.mp3"></span>；以及，*Would you?* <span class="pho alt">wʊ dʒju?</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Would-you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Would-you-us-female.mp3"></span> 这里的关键在于，<span class="pho">t, d</span> 发声时起始的舌尖位置如果放对了（[2.2.3](2.2.3-td)），它与后面的 <span class="pho alt">ju</span> 连起来的发声就只能如此。

For example, in daily conversation, we often hear *Don't you?* pronounced as <span class="pho alt">doʊn tʃju?</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Dont-you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Dont-you-us-female.mp3"></span>; and *Would you?* as <span class="pho alt">wʊ dʒju?</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Would-you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Would-you-us-female.mp3"></span>. The key here lies in the position of the tongue tip when pronouncing <span class="pho">t, d</span>. If placed correctly (as explained in [2.2.3](2.2.3-td)), it naturally leads to such pronunciation when followed by <span class="pho alt">ju</span>.

同化主要发生在 <span class="pho">j</span> 这个音上。除了已经讲过的 <span class="pho">j</span> 前面遇到 <span class="pho">t</span> 和 <span class="pho">d</span> 时会产生同化之外，

Assimilation mainly happens when a word ends in <span class="pho">j</span>. Besides the explained cases where <span class="pho">t</span> and <span class="pho">d</span> are followed by <span class="pho">j</span>,

> * <span class="pho">s</span> + <span class="pho">j</span> = <span class="pho">ʃ</span>
> * <span class="pho">z</span> + <span class="pho">j</span> = <span class="pho">ʒ</span>

比如，<span class="pho">s+j</span> 可能会被读成 <span class="pho">ʃ</span>，<span class="pho">z+j</span> 可能会被读成 <span class="pho">ʒ</span>。再比如，*Miss you so much.* <span class="pho alt">mɪ ʃu səʊ mʌʧ.</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Miss-you-so-much-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Miss-you-so-much-us-female.mp3"></span>；*It was your job.* <span class="pho alt">ɪt wɒ ʒʊr ʤɒb.</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/It-was-your-job-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/It-was-your-job-us-female.mp3"></span>

For instance, the combination <span class="pho">s+j</span> might be pronounced as <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, and <span class="pho">z+j</span> might be pronounced as <span class="pho">ʒ</span>. Here are examples: *Miss you so much* can be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">mɪ ʃu səʊ mʌʧ.</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Miss-you-so-much-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Miss-you-so-much-us-female.mp3"></span>; *It was your job* can be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ɪt wɒ ʒʊr ʤɒb.</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/It-was-your-job-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/It-was-your-job-us-female.mp3"></span>

请注意，这两组是**可能**，并非一定，并非所有英文母语使用者都如此发音。

However, it's important to note that these are possibilities, not certainties. Not all English native speakers pronounce words this way.

另外一个细节是，<span class="pho">k/g</span> 之前的 <span class="pho">n</span>，可能会被同化为 <span class="pho">ŋ</span>:

> * *ten cups*, <span class="pho alt">ten kʌps</span> → <span class="pho alt">teŋ kʌps</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ten-cups-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ten-cups-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *increase*, <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnˈkris</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˌɪŋˈkris</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/increase-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/increase-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *brown gate*, <span class="pho alt">braʊn geɪt</span> → <span class="pho alt">braʊŋ geɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/brown-gate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/brown-gate-us-female.mp3"></span>

## 2.4.3.4. 击穿（dropping）

“辅音 + 辅音” 的组合中，如果第二个辅音是 <span class="pho">h</span> 的话，它常常被击穿（*dropping*），因为 <span class="pho">h</span> 原本就是很轻的音，发音时声带并不震动，所以总是自然而然地被前后发音相对更为响亮的声音所掩盖。

In a "consonant + consonant" combination, where the second is <span class="pho">h</span>, the <span class="pho">h</span> sound often gets *dropped*, simply due to its soft nature. This is because the *vocal cords* don't vibrate when pronouncing <span class="pho">h</span>, and it naturally gets overshadowed by the louder sounds before and after.

比如，*Was he hurt?* 三个单词分开读，应该是 <span class="pho alt">wɒz hi həːt</span> 在连贯的语音中，会被读成 <span class="pho alt">wɒzi həːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Was-he-hurt-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Was-he-hurt-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 听不到 <span class="pho">h</span>，它被击穿了。

For example, take the sentence *Was he hurt?* If pronounced separately, it should be <span class="pho alt">wɒz hi həːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Was-he-hurt-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Was-he-hurt-us-female.mp3"></span>. However, when spoken fluidly, it sounds more like <span class="pho alt">wɒzi həːt</span>; the <span class="pho">h</span> becomes unnoticeable.

很多美国人在 <span class="pho">t</span> 这个音上还有另外一个特殊的习惯，<span class="pho">t</span> 跟在 <span class="pho">n</span> 之后的时候，美国人说话的方式会让我们听不到那个 <span class="pho">t</span>，也就是说，<span class="pho">t</span> 也可能被击穿。比如，他们说 *interview* 的时候你听到的可能是 <span class="pho alt">ˈɪnəˌvju</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/interview-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/interview-us-female.mp3"></span>，没有 <span class="pho">t</span>。

Many Americans have a unique habit with the <span class="pho">t</span> sound, especially when it follows <span class="pho">n</span>. Their way of speaking often causes the <span class="pho">t</span> to disappear. For instance, when they say the word *interview*, you might hear <span class="pho alt">ˈɪnəˌvju</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/interview-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/interview-us-female.mp3"></span>, without the <span class="pho">t</span>.

另外，<span class="pho">ð</span> 也可能被击穿，基本只发生在 *them* 这个常用词上。比如，*let them* <span class="pho alt">let ðəm</span>, 变成了 <span class="pho alt">let-əm</span>，由由于 <span class="pho">ð</span> 被击穿了之后，<span class="pho">t</span> 等于被夹在了两个元音之间，于是会变成浊化的弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>，于是，说出来的或者听到的是 <span class="pho alt">let̬əm</span>…… 所以，在快速的自然语流中 *let him* 和 *let them* 实际上几乎没有区别，需要通过上下文确定究竟是 *him* 还是 *them*。

In addition, the <span class="pho">ð</span> sound can also be dropped, primarily in the common word *them*. For example, *let them* <span class="pho alt">let ðəm</span> might become <span class="pho alt">let-əm</span>. When the <span class="pho">ð</span> is dropped, the <span class="pho">t</span> ends up sandwiched between two vowels and turns into the voiced flap <span class="pho">t̬</span>. So, what you say or hear becomes <span class="pho alt">let̬əm</span>. Therefore, in fast natural speech, *let him* and *let them* sound almost identical and only context can determine whether it's *him* or *them*.

## 2.4.3.5 其它（others）

值得一提的是，<span class="pho">m/n</span> + <span class="pho">f/v</span> 的情况。词汇之内我们看过 *comfort* <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌmfɚt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *conversation* <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑːnvɚˈseɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conversation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/conversation-us-female.mp3"></span> 的例子（[2.2.13](2.2.13-mnŋ)）。这种情况在意群之内也经常会遇到，比如，*stem from*, 只能读成 <span class="pho alt">sten frəm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/stem-from-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/stem-from-us-female.mp3"></span>……

It's worth mentioning the situation with <span class="pho">m/n</span> followed by <span class="pho">f/v</span>. We've seen examples of this in words like *comfort* <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌmfɚt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span> and *conversation* <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑːnvɚˈseɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conversation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/conversation-us-female.mp3"></span>([2.2.13](2.2.13-mnŋ)). This occurrence is often also found within a meaning group. For instance, *stem from* can only be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">sten frəm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/stem-from-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/stem-from-us-female.mp3"></span>.