107 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
107 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
# # 1.2. 音素（Phonemes）
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在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为**音素**（phonemes）。英语的音素分为**元音**和**辅音**。
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In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as *phonemes*. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: *vowels* and *consonants*.
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英文的**音素**用**音标**标注其发音。
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In English, **phonemes** are annotated by **phonetic symbols** to indicate pronunciation.
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遗憾的是，英文音标标注方式并不统一。我们在这里采用了 [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/) 的音标标注体系。
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Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation. Here, we use the notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/).
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> [!Note]
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>
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> CEPD 的英式英语的音标是 D.J. 音标体系；而它的美式英语的音标采用的是国际音标体系（IPA）；其详细说明请参考 CEPD 的官方网址[^1]：
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>
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> The phonetic notation for British English in CEPD uses the D.J. system, while for American English, it adopts the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For a detailed explanation, please refer to the official CEPD website:
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>
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> > https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html
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## 1.2.1. 元音（Vowels）
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| Vowels | Examples |
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| ------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| `ʌ` | c**u**p `/kʌp/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cup-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cup-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ɑː` | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/father-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/father-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `e` | h**ea**d `/hed/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/head-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/head-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `æ` | h**a**t `/hæt/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hat-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ə` | **a**bove `/əˈbʌv/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/above-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/above-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ɚ` | moth**er** `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mother-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mother-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ɝː` | b**ir**d `/bɝːd/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/bird-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/bird-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ɪ` | sh**i**p `/ʃɪp/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ship-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `iː` | sh**ee**p `/ʃiːp/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sheep-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sheep-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `i` | happ**y** `/ˈhæp·i/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/happy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/happy-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ɔː` | h**or**se `/hɔːrs/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/horse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/horse-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ʊ` | f**oo**t `/fʊt/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/foot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/foot-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `uː` | bl**ue** `/bluː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/blue-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/blue-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `u` | sit**u**ation `/fʊt/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/situation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/situation-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `eɪ` | d**ay** `/deɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `aɪ` | **eye** `/aɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/eye-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/eye-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ɔɪ` | b**oy** `/bɔɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/boy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/boy-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `oʊ` | n**o**se `/noʊz/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/nose-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/nose-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `aʊ` | m**ou**th `/maʊθ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mouth-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mouth-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ɪr` | ear `/ɪr/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ear-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `er` | h**air** `/her/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hair-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hair-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ʊr` | p**ure** `/pjʊr/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pure-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `aɪr` | f**ire** `/faɪr/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fire-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fire-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `aʊr` | **hour** `/aʊr/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hour-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hour-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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**注**：这个列表中，没有英音 `ɒ` 的对应音 `ɑ`，比如，*hot* `/hɑt/`。在 CEPD 中，*hot* 直接被标注为 `/hɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>，实际上，*hot* 中的 `ɑ` 并没有那么长，虽然它比其它短元音相对更长一些。
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**Note**: In this list, the American English counterpart to the British English sound `ɒ`, as in *hot* `/hɑt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>, is not included. In CEPD, *hot* is directly marked as `/hɑːt/`. In reality, the `ɑ` sound in *hot* is not that long, although it is relatively longer than other short vowels.
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## 1.2.2. 辅音（Consonants）
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| Consonants | Examples |
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| ---------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| `p` | **p**en `/pen/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pen-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pen-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `b` | **b**ook `/bʊk/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/book-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/book-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `t` | **t**own `/taʊn/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/town-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/town-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `t̬` | cu**tt**ing `/ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cutting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cutting-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `d` | **d**ay `/deɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `k` | **c**at `/kæt/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cat-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `g` | **g**ive `/ɡɪv/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/give-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/give-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `f` | **f**ish `/fɪʃ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fish-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fish-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `v` | **v**ery `/ˈver·i/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/very-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/very-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `s` | **s**ay `/seɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/say-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/say-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `z` | **z**oo `/zuː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/zoo-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/zoo-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `θ` | **th**ink `/θɪŋk/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/think-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ð` | **th**is `/ðɪs/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/this-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/this-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ʃ` | **sh**e `/ʃiː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/she-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/she-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ʒ` | vi**si**on `/ˈvɪʒ·ən/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `h` | **h**and `/hænd/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hand-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `tʃ` | **ch**eese `/tʃiːz/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cheese-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cheese-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `dʒ` | **j**ump `/dʒʌmp/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/jump-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/jump-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `m` | **m**oon `/muːn/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/moon-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/moon-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `n` | **n**ame `/neɪm/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/name-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/name-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `ŋ` | si**ng** `/sɪŋ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sing-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `l` | **l**ook `/lʊk/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/look-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/look-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `r` | **r**un `/rʌn/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/run-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/run-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `w` | **w**e `/wiː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/we-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/we-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `j` | **y**es `/jes/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/yes-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/yes-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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**注**：这个列表中，`ts` 和 `dz` 并未包括其中 —— 比如，*treats* `/triːts/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/treats-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/treats-us-female.mp3"></span>, *friends* `/frendz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/friends-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/friends-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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**Note**: This list does not include `ts` and `dz` — for instance, as in *treats* `/tri:ts/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/treats-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/treats-us-female.mp3"></span> and *friends* `/frendz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/friends-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/friends-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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## 1.2.3. 外来音素（Foreign Phonemes）
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| Phonemes | Examples |
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| -------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| `ɒ̃` | croiss**ant** <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/croissant-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/croissant-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `x` | lo**ch** <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/loch-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/loch-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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## 1.2.4. 其它符号（Other symbols）
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| Symbols | Functions | Examples |
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| ------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| **ˈ** | primary stress | **vi**sion `/ˈvɪʒ·ən/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| **ˌ** | secondary stress | **con**troversial `/ˌkɑːn·trəˈvɝː·ʃəl/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/controversial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/controversial-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| **·** | syllable division[^2] | **fa**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/father-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/father-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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[^1]: A Github [repo](https://github.com/zelic91/camdict) offers a *JSON* format database of CEPD.
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[^2]: For better html rendering, a *middle dot* is used, rather than the *lower dot* used by CEPD official documents.
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