66 lines
5.5 KiB
Markdown
66 lines
5.5 KiB
Markdown
# 2. 器官（Articulators）
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尽管说着不同的语言，人类的大脑构造和发声器官（*articulators*）构造却都是一样的。也正因为如此，所有的人类幼崽都具备习得地球上任何一种语言的潜能 —— 这其实还真是一个颇有些惊人却又常常被忽视的事实。
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Despite speaking different languages, humans share the same structure of brain and articulators. It's this commonality that grants every human infants the potential to master any language on Earth - a fascinating yet often overlooked fact.
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**说话**对大脑来说是一项异常复杂的活动，大约要它协调差不多 100 块的肌肉才能发出一个音素的声音[^1]。
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*Speaking* is an extraordinarily complex activity for the brain, requiring its coordination of nearly 100 muscles just to produce a single phoneme.
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<video controls width="720"> <source src="/videos/speech-form-brain-signals.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
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我们用**嘴**说话…… 更详细地讲，我们说话的时候动用的器官实际上很多，包括但不限于：**下巴**（*lower jaw*）、**嘴唇**（*lips*）、**牙齿**（*teeth*）、**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）、**舌尖**（*tongue tip*）、**舍背**（*tongue roof*）、**舌尾**（*back of tongue*）、**软腭**（*soft palate*）、**咽**（*pharynx*）、**喉**（*larynx*）、**声带**（*vocal cords*）等等。
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We use our *mouths* as a means of communication... To elaborate, when we speak, many parts of our body are actually involved, including but not limited to: *lower jaw* (or mandible), *lips*, *teeth*; *alveolar ridge* (the small bump right behind your upper front teeth); *tongue tip* and *rongue roof* or dorsum; *hard palate* and *soft palate*, and then throat areas which can be further divided into two parts: *pharynx* and *larynx*. Last but not least come your voice makers - *vocal cords.*
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另外一个重要的方面是**呼吸**（*breathe*）—— 也就是说，肺也可以算作是发声器官 —— 呼吸不仅影响声音，也影响节奏；因为换气的必要，自然语流中总是存在**停顿**（*pause*）。
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The act of breathing also plays a vital role — in other words, the lungs can also be considered as one of articulators - the breath not only affects speech sound quality but rhythm too due to natural *pauses* for airflow regulation during continuous speech flow.
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以下的 X 光视频展示了一个歌手在演唱歌曲时发声器官的活动情况[^2]：
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Here's an X-ray video showcasing the movement of a singer's articulators while performing a song:
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以下是朗读一些单词的时候发声器官活动情况的 3D 展示[^3]：
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Here's a 3D illustration showcasing the activity of articulators when pronouncing certain words:
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说话或者唱歌，形象地来看，很像是口腔体操，锻炼更多的却是大脑内的神经元及其它们之间的连接。
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When you think about it, speaking or singing is like oral gymnastics, but the real workout is for the neurons in your brain and the connections among them.
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英文**元音发声**时最需要注意的发声器官是**嘴唇**，有两个元音（及其它们各自的长短版本）被称作 *rounded vowels*，`u` 和 `ɔ`，必须将嘴唇略微凸出并缩成一个小圆形。
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When pronouncing English *vowels*, the most critical articulators to pay attention to is *lips*. There are two vowels, along with their long and short versions, known as *rounded vowels*, which are `u` and `ɔ`. For these, you must slightly protrude your lips and form them into a small circle.
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而英文**辅音发声时**最需要注意的发声器官之一是**舌头**，很多辅音都需要**舌尖**从**正确的位置**开始发声…… 以下展示的是英文中舌尖最常用的 *4* 个位置：
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When pronouncing English *consonants*, one of the most critical articulators is your *tongue*. Many consonants require *the tongue tip* to start making a sound from the *right position*... What follows are the *4* most common positions of the tongue tip in English:
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以下表格中舌尖起始位置和辅音的对应会在随后的章节中进一步讲解：
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The table below shows the relationship between the initial position of the tongue tip and corresponding consonant sounds. We'll delve deeper into this topic in upcoming sections:
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| Positions of tongue tip | Consonants |
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| :---------------------: | :----------------------------------------- |
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| ① | `θ`, `ð` |
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| ② | `s`, `z`, `l` |
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| ③ | `t`, `d`, `ʃ`, `ʒ`, `tʃ`, `dʒ`, `tr`, `dr` |
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| ④ | `r` |
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[^1]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHFx6O5x5Hw
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[^2]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2N5q85G3ydk
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[^3]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYwk07QM4rc
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