everyone-can-use-english/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english-old/draft.md

Drafts

辅音 t 在美式英语中有个弹舌音变体，t̬，例如，cutting ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ。

The consonant t has a flapping variant, t̬, as in the word cutting, pronounced ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ.

辅音 l 是音节辅音（2.2.14），有时会在之前自然附带一个 ə 音，可能被标注为 əl、ᵊl（上标式 ə） 或者 l̩（注意 l 下的那根小竖线）。

The consonant l is a syllabic consonant (2.2.14), which sometimes naturally comes with an ə sound before it. This may be annotated as əl, ᵊl (with a superscript ə), or l̩ (note the small vertical line underneath the l).

6 个基础元音中，ə 和 ɪ 有相对更多的变体（allophone）： In the 6 basic vowels, ə and ɪ have relatively more variants, or allophones:

• ɪ：
  • 除了长元音版本 iː 之外，还有一个半长版本 i，例如 happy ˈhæpi¹ ；
  • In addition to the long vowel version iː, there's also a semi-long version i, as in happy ˈhæpi.
• ə：
  • 长元音版本 əː 在 CEPD² 中被标注为 ɜː，例如 bird bɜːd (UK)
  • The long vowel version əː is annotated as ɜː in the CEPD² , like in bird bɜːd (UK).
  • 儿化的短元音 ə 被标注为 ɚ，例如 mother ˈmʌðɚ；
  • The rhotacized short vowel ə is annotated as ɚ, as in mother pronounced ˈmʌðɚ.
  • 儿化的长元音 əː 被标注为 ɝː 例如 bird bɝːd (US)
  • The rhotacized long vowel əː is annotated as ɝː, like in bird pronounced bɝːd (US).

英式英语中的 eə、ɪə、ʊə，在美式英语中的发音末尾都有儿化音，因此被标注为：er、ɪr、ʊr。

The sounds represented by eə, ɪə, and ʊə in British English are rhotacized in American English, which is why they are notated as: er, ɪr, ʊr.

另外，英式英语中还有两个三元音: aɪə 比如，fire faɪə；hour aʊə。在美式英语中，这两个三元音被简化为两个双元音的更为明显的儿化音，aɪə → aɪr，比如，fire faɪr, hour aʊr。

Furthermore, in British English, there are two triphthongs: aɪə as in fire pronounced faɪə and aʊə as in hour pronounced aʊə. In American English, these two triphthongs simplify into more apparent rhotacized diphthongs, aɪə → aɪr, for example, fire pronounced faɪr, and hour pronounced aʊr.

比较幸运的是，大多数的音标标注差异集中在元音标记上，尤其是美式英语的元音 —— 所以也不算是太难掌握。

Luckily, the majority of phonetic notation differences are concentrated in vowel markings, especially American vowels, which makes it somewhat easier to master.

关于美式发音的音标标注，可以大致总结为以下几点：

Here are some key points to take note of when it comes to phonetic representation of American English:

• 短元音 ʌ 变得与 ə 非常接近，甚至常常直接被 ə 替代。比如，but bʌt 可能直接被标注为 bət。
• The short vowel ʌ often sounds very similar to ə and is frequently replaced by it in transcription. For example, but bʌt would be transcribed as bət.
• 长短元音不统一使用 ː 区分，而是ə/ɑ、ə/ɜ、ɚ/ɝ、 e/æ、ɪ/i、ʊ/u、ɒ/ɔ。
• Long and short vowels are differentiated not by using ː, but by pairs such as ə/ɑ, ə/ɜ, ɚ/ɝ, e/æ, ɪ/i, ʊ/u, ɒ/ɔ.
• 短元音 e 有时用 ɛ 标注。
• The short vowel e is sometimes transcribed as ɛ.
• 短元音 ə ，由于经常附带着 ʳ 音，常常被标注为 ɚ；不带有 ʳ 音的时候，常常被标注为 ɜ。
• The short vowel ə, often accompanied by the rhotic ʳ, is commonly transcribed as ɚ. When the rhotic sound is absent, ə is often transcribed as ɜ.
• 长元音 əː，同样由于经常附带着 ʳ 音，常常被标注为 ɝ。
• The long vowel əː, due to its frequent association with ʳ, is generally transcribed as ɝ.
• ə 结尾的双元音，都用 r：ɪə ⭢ ɪr，eə ⭢ er，ʊə ⭢ ʊr。
• Diphthongs ending in ə are represented with r: ɪə becomes ɪr, eə becomes er, ʊə becomes ʊr.
• 非重音音节中的 ɪ 可能会被标注为 ə。
• The ɪ in unstressed syllables may be transcribed as ə.
• 短元音 ɒ 在美式发音中读作 ɑ，也如此标注，比如，hot hɑt —— ɑ 比 ʌ/ə 略长一些，比 ɑr 短。
• The short vowel ɒ is pronounced as ɑ in American English and is transcribed as such. For example, hot is transcribed as hɑt. ɑ is slightly longer than ʌ/ə but shorter than ɑr.
• t 的弹舌音用 t̬ 标注。
• The flapping t sound in American English is represented by t̬.

ʌ

but bʌt, chum tʃʌm, cut kʌt, drum drʌm, duck dʌk, fun fʌn, gun ɡʌn, hut hʌt, jump dʒʌmp, luck lʌk, mud mʌd, nut nʌt, pup pʌp, run rʌn, shut ʃʌt, sun sʌn, thug θʌɡ, thus ðʌs, truck trʌk, tut tʌt, vulgar ˈvʌlɡɚ, won wʌn, yum jʌm

e

bet bet, check tʃek, desk desk, dress dres, fed fed, get ɡet, hen hen, jet dʒet, kept kept, let let, met met, net net, pet pet, red red, set set, shed ʃed, test test, theft θeft, trek trek, vet vet, wet wet, yet jet, zed zed

ə

ago əˈɡoʊ, button ˈbʌt̬ən, develop dɪˈveləp, dramatic drəˈmæt̬ɪk, expression ɪkˈspreʃən, onion ˈʌnjən, realize ˈriːəlaɪz, standard ˈstændɚd, system ˈsɪstəm, telegram ˈteləɡræm

注意：没有儿化的 ə 在美式英语中，被称作 schwa，非重读央元音 —— 即，只出现在非重读音节中。

ɚ

danger ˈdeɪndʒɚ, freezer ˈfriːzɚ, harder hɑːrdɚ, larger lɑːrdʒɚ, paper ˈpeɪpɚ, server ˈsɝːvɚ, teacher ˈtiːtʃɚ, water ˈwɑːt̬ɚ, worker ˈwɝːkɚ

注意：儿化的短元音 ɚ 只出现在非重读音节中。

ɪ

bit bɪt, chip tʃɪp, did dɪd, drill drɪl, gig ɡɪɡ, gin dʒɪn, his hɪz, if ɪf, kick kɪk, lip lɪp, milk mɪlk, nil nɪl, pick pɪk, rip rɪp, ship ʃɪp, sit sɪt, thick θɪk, this ðɪs, tip tɪp, trick trɪk, vivid ˈvɪvɪd, wit wɪ, zip zɪp

ʊ

book bʊk, cook kʊk, foot fʊt, good ɡʊd, put pʊt, should ʃʊd, wood wʊd

æ

add æd, bad bæd, cat kæt, chat tʃæt, dad dæd, dad dæd, drag dræɡ, jack dʒæk, fat fæt, gag ɡæɡ, has hæz, lab læb, mad mæd, nap næp, pad pæd, rat ræt, shall ʃæl, task tæsk, thank θæŋk, that ðæt, trash træʃ, vast væst, wag wæɡ, zag zæɡ

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1. The middle dot <span class="pho"> in </span>/ˈhæpi/<span class="pho"> is an annotation of syllable division. A dot </span>. is used in CEPD, but for clearer html rendering, we use a raised one here. ↩︎

2. CEPD, Cambridge English Pronunciation Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html. ↩︎