115 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
115 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
# 2.1.5. <span class="pho">ə</span>/<span class="pho">ɚ</span>/<span class="pho">ɝː</span>
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<span class="pho">ə</span> 在美式英语中有三个版本，非重读音节央元音 <span class="pho">ə</span>（schwa），儿化短元音 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和儿化长元音 <span class="pho">ɝː</span>。
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In American English, there are three versions of the sound <span class="pho">ə</span>, including the schwa <span class="pho">ə</span>, which is used in unstressed syllables, the rhotacized short vowel <span class="pho">ɚ</span>, and the rhotacized long vowel <span class="pho">ɝː</span>.
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初学者容易矫枉过正，遇到所有的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 都要读成儿化音…… 比如，可能会把 *focus* <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/focus-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/focus-us-female.mp3"></span> 错读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkɚs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3"></span>。
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Beginners tend to overdo it and add a <span class="pho">r</span> whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing *focus* <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/focus-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/focus-us-female.mp3"></span> as <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkɚs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3"></span>.
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<span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɝː</span> 这两个儿化音，有两种发声方式，一种是凭直觉卷起舌尖（无论是前卷还是后卷，都被称作 *Retroflex R*），这也是绝大多数初学者发这个音的唯一选择。
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The rhotacized <span class="pho">ɚ</span> and <span class="pho">ɝː</span> sounds, can be produced in two different ways. Most beginners instinctively curl their tongue tip (where forward or backword) to produce this sound, which is called *Retroflex R*, as it's generally the only method they're familiar with.
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由于这个音发声时的舌头动作是别人看不见的，所以，人们在学这个发音的时候，无法猜到第二种方式（被称作 *Bunched R*）：舌尾部分抬起来，略微后缩，使舌的两侧接触到后牙。舌尾的中心部分较低，空气通过这个凹槽产生声音。
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Since the tongue's movements are invisible during speech, it's difficult for learners to guess the second method, called *Bunched R*, which involves lifting the back part of the tongue, pulling it back a bit, and allowing the sides of the tongue to touch the back teeth. The center of the tongue's rear is slightly lowered, creating a groove for the air to pass through and generate the sound.
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以下是另外一个角度的图示[^1]：
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Here's another illustration from different perspective[^1]:
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事实上，其他的儿化音也都可以用这种方式发声。不妨用这种方式重新试试 *card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, *mark* <span class="pho alt">mɑːrk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>；再试试 *door* <span class="pho alt">dɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/door-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/door-us-female.mp3"></span>, *short* <span class="pho alt">ʃɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/short-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/short-us-female.mp3"></span>, *poor* <span class="pho alt">pʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/poor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/poor-us-female.mp3"></span>, *your* <span class="pho alt">jʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/your-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/your-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 试过之后，再进行比较，你会发现更多的时候，第二种方式比第一种方式更方便。
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In fact, you can use this method to pronounce other rhotacized vowels as well. Give it a shot with words like *card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span> and *mark* <span class="pho alt">mɑːrk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span> again; and then try it out with *door* <span class="pho alt">dɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/door-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/door-us-female.mp3"></span>, *short* <span class="pho alt">ʃɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/short-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/short-us-female.mp3"></span>, *poor* <span class="pho alt">pʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/poor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/poor-us-female.mp3"></span>, and *your* <span class="pho alt">jʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/your-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/your-us-female.mp3"></span>... After giving it a try, you'll notice that more often than not, the second method is more convenient than the first.
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在美式英语中，人们在说儿化音的时候，使用第二种方式（*Bunched R*）更多。即便是使用第一种方式（*Retroflex R*），舌尖无论是前卷还是后卷，都一样，绝不会贴到龈脊上。
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In American English, more often than not, people prefer using the second method (*Bunched R*) when making the rhotacized sound. Even if they use the first method (*Retroflex R*), the tip of the tongue, whether curled forward or backward, **never** touch the *alveolar ridge* behind the teeth.
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另外，辅音 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>、<span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 在发音的时候，舌尾也是同样的位置。
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Moreover, when pronouncing the consonants <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> ([2.2.8](2.2.8-ʃʒ)) and <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> ([2.2.10](2.2.10-tʃdʒ)), the position of the back part of the tongue is the same.
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注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 <span class="pho">ə</span>（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>。比如，*individual*, <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span>，实际上会被读作 <span class="pho">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəʷəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> —— <span class="pho">u</span> 也变成了 <span class="pho">ə</span>，而后 <span class="pho">u</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 之间有个加音 <span class="pho">ʷ</span>…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
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Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to <span class="pho">ə</span> (*schwa*), especially <span class="pho">ɪ</span>. For instance, *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl</span>, is often actually pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəʷəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> - <span class="pho">u</span> also becomes <span class="pho">ə</span>, and there's a added <span class="pho">ʷ</span> sound between <span class="pho">u</span> and <span class="pho">ə</span>… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation.
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## 拼写（Spellings）
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### <span class="pho">ə</span>
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* **a**
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* about <span class="pho alt">əˈbaʊt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/about-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/about-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* banana <span class="pho alt">bəˈnæn.ə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/banana-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/banana-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* sofa <span class="pho alt">ˈsoʊ.fə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sofa-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sofa-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **e**
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* open <span class="pho alt">ˈoʊ.pən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/open-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/open-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* problem <span class="pho alt">ˈprɑː.bləm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/problem-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/problem-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* synthesis <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪn.θə.sɪs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/synthesis-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/synthesis-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **i**
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* animal <span class="pho alt">ˈæn.ɪ.məl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/animal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/animal-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* president <span class="pho alt">ˈprez.ɪ.dənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/president-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/president-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* pupil <span class="pho alt">ˈpjuː.pəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pupil-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pupil-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **o**
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* bacon <span class="pho alt">ˈbeɪ.kən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/bacon-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/bacon-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* lesson <span class="pho alt">ˈles.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/lesson-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/lesson-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* pilot <span class="pho alt">ˈpaɪ.lət</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pilot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pilot-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **u**
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* circus <span class="pho alt">ˈsɝː.kəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/circus-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/circus-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* medium <span class="pho alt">ˈmiː.di.əm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/medium-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/medium-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* support <span class="pho alt">səˈpɔːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/support-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/support-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ou**
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* courageous <span class="pho alt">kəˈreɪ.dʒəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/courageous-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/courageous-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* famous <span class="pho alt">ˈfeɪ.məs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/famous-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/famous-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* humorous <span class="pho alt">ˈhjuː.mə.rəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/humorous-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/humorous-us-female.mp3"></span>
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### <span class="pho">ɚ</span>
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* **er**
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* better <span class="pho alt">ˈbet̬.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/better-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/better-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* butter <span class="pho alt">ˈbʌt̬.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/butter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/butter-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* teacher <span class="pho alt">ˈtiː.tʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/teacher-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/teacher-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **or**
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* actor <span class="pho alt">ˈæk.tɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/actor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/actor-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* doctor <span class="pho alt">ˈdɑːk.tɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/doctor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/doctor-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* editor <span class="pho alt">ˈed.ɪ.t̬ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/editor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/editor-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ar**
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* beggar <span class="pho alt">ˈbeɡ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/beggar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/beggar-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* burglar <span class="pho alt">ˈbɝː.ɡlɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/burglar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/burglar-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* collar <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑː.lɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/collar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/collar-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ure**
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* culture <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌl.tʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/culture-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/culture-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* figure <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪɡ.jɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/figure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/figure-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* pressure <span class="pho alt">ˈpreʃ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pressure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pressure-us-female.mp3"></span>
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### <span class="pho">ɝː</span>
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* **er**
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* her <span class="pho alt">hɝː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/her-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/her-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* term <span class="pho alt">tɝːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/term-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/term-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* clerk <span class="pho alt">klɝːk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/clerk-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/clerk-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ear**
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* earn <span class="pho alt">ɝːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/earn-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/earn-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* earth <span class="pho alt">ɝːθ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/earth-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/earth-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* heard <span class="pho alt">hɝːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/heard-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/heard-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ir**
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* bird <span class="pho alt">bɝːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/bird-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/bird-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* first <span class="pho alt">ˈfɝːst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/first-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/first-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* stir <span class="pho alt">stɝː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/stir-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/stir-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ur**
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* burn <span class="pho alt">bɝːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/burn-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/burn-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* nurse <span class="pho alt">nɝːs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/nurse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/nurse-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* turn <span class="pho alt">tɝːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/turn-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/turn-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **or**
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* word <span class="pho alt">wɝːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/word-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/word-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* world <span class="pho alt">wɝːld</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/world-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/world-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* worse <span class="pho alt">wɝːs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/worse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/worse-us-female.mp3"></span>
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[^1]: This illustration comes from https://globalspeechtherapy.com/how-to-teach-the-r-sound/
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