89 lines
8.4 KiB
Markdown
89 lines
8.4 KiB
Markdown
# 3.2.11. <span class="pho">m</span>/<span class="pho">n</span>/<span class="pho">ŋ</span>
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## 3.2.11.1. 示例
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>D.J.</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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<td>IPA</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">m</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_moon_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>m</b>oon <span class="pho alt">muːn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/moon-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/moon-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">m</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_moon_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>m</b>oon <span class="pho alt">muːn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/moon-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/moon-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">n</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_name_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>n</b>ose <span class="pho alt">nəʊz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/nose-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/nose-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">n</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_name_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>n</b>ose <span class="pho alt">noʊz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nose-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nose-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">ŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_sing_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>th</b>ank <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/thank-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/thank-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">ŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_sing_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>th</b>ank <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thank-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thank-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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## 3.2.11.2. 没有 <span class="pho">ʊ</span>
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<span class="pho">m</span> 和 <span class="pho">n</span> 处于音节开头时，没有人会觉得困难。尤其是 <span class="pho">m</span>…… 因为它也许是人类学会说的第一个辅音；于此同时，<span class="pho">ɑ</span> 永远是人类学会的第一个元音，所以大家都用 <span class="pho">mɑ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ma-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ma-us-female.mp3"></span> 称呼自己的母亲。
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<span class="pho">ŋ</span> 处于其它元音之后对所有人来说也同样不构成困难，因为英文中最常用的不过是 <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> 而已……
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麻烦在于 <span class="pho">m</span> 处于音节末尾的时候。很多人会不由自主地额外加上一个 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音，这是一个嘴唇的多余动作产生的结果。比如，把 *room* <span class="pho alt">ruːm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/room-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/room-us-female.mp3"></span> 读成 <span class="pho alt">ruːmʊ</span>。
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## 3.2.11.3. 音变
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当 <span class="pho">m/n</span> 处于 <span class="pho">f/v</span> 之前的时候，发音都会发生变化 —— 这是因为 <span class="pho">f/v</span> 的发声动作，需要上牙与下唇接触。
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> * <span class="pho">m + f/v</span> = <span class="pho">n + f/v</span>, *comfort* <span class="pho alt">ˈkəmfərt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˈkənfərt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">n + f/v</span> = <span class="pho">ŋ + f/v</span>, *conversation* <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑŋvərˈseɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/conversation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/conversation-us-female.mp3"></span>
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## 3.2.11.4. 加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>
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当 <span class="pho">æ</span> 在 <span class="pho">m</span> 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 进去，比如，Sam <span class="pho alt">sæm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sam-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sam-us-female.mp3"></span>，会被他们读成 <span class="pho alt">sæᵊm</span> —— 也有一定道理，因为 <span class="pho">m</span> 的确是音节辅音 —— 例如，*chasm* <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzᵊm</span>, *prism* <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzᵊm</span>。
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## 3.2.11.4. 常见拼写
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### <span class="pho">m</span>
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* **m**
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* army <span class="pho alt">ˈɑːr.mi</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/army-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/army-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* mob <span class="pho alt">mɑːb</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mob-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mob-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* mom <span class="pho alt">mɑːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mom-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mom-us-female.mp3"></span>
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### <span class="pho">n</span>
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* **n**
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* mind <span class="pho alt">maɪnd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mind-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mind-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* night <span class="pho alt">naɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/night-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/night-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* nine <span class="pho alt">naɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nine-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nine-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **kn**
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* know <span class="pho alt">noʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/know-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/know-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* knight <span class="pho alt">naɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/knight-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/knight-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **gn**
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* gnaw <span class="pho alt">nɑː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/gnaw-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/gnaw-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* gnome <span class="pho alt">noʊm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/gnome-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/gnome-us-female.mp3"></span>
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### <span class="pho">ŋ</span>
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* **n** (before <span class=**pho**>k</span>)
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* anchor <span class="pho alt">ˈæŋ.kɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/anchor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/anchor-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* bank <span class="pho alt">bæŋk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bank-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bank-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* thank <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thank-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thank-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ng**
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* bang <span class="pho alt">bæŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bang-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bang-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* long <span class="pho alt">lɑːŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/long-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/long-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* sing <span class="pho alt">sɪŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sing-us-female.mp3"></span>
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