79 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
79 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
# 2.3.3 顿与停（Stop and Pause）
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在讨论**连接**（*linking*）之前有必要先研究一下**顿**（*stop*）与**停**（*pause*）—— 这一步至关重要、不可或缺。（为了便于理解，在中文表述中，我们用 “停顿” 表示 “顿”，用 “暂停” 表示 “停”。）
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Before delving into the concepts of *linking* words, it's essential to first understand *stops* and *pauses*, which is a crucial step and can't be overlooked.
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在自然语流中，多音节词汇里常常夹杂着**停顿**（*stop*）—— 这是很多初学者干脆感受不到的，所以，他们不是忽略了那些停顿，而是可能压根就不知道某些地方竟然存在停顿。
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In natural speech flow, many polysyllabic words are often peppered with *breaks*. This is something many beginners might not even notice, not because they ignore these breaks, but because they might not realize there are supposed to be breaks in certain places.
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一个常见的停顿来自于**重读音节**。当我们想要强调某个音节的时候，为了能把它读得相对较重，在此之前往往需要**停顿**一下 —— 做个准备。
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When we want to emphasize a syllable, we often need to *stop* briefly before it to prepare for the pronunciation.
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比如，你可以试着读一下 *absolutely* `/ˌæbsəˈluːtli/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/absolutely-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/absolutely-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 为了把 `/luː/` 这个音节读成**重音**（顺带说，这是个长元音），你可能就会不由自主地在发出 `sə` 之后略微**停顿**一下…… 拿之前的例子 *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 再试一下，若是在 `/vɪ/` 之前略微**停顿**一下，就能相对更为轻松地将它读成**重音**。
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Take the word *absolutely* `/ˌæbsəˈluːtli/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/absolutely-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/absolutely-us-female.mp3"></span> for instance. To *stress* the `/luː/` syllable, which is long, you might find yourself involuntarily stopping slightly after pronouncing `sə`. The same practice applies to the word *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span>, which you've practiced before. A brief stop before `/vɪ/` makes it relatively easier to stress.
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另外一个更为常见的**停顿**相对比较微妙，它就在那里，可不仅听不到，也看不到。
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Another frequent stop is more subtle. It's there, but you can't see or hear it.
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比如，在 *hotdog* 这个词里，`t` 的声音是听不到的，但，它的舌尖动作却是**完整**的，所以，能够听到的不是 `/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/`，也不是 `/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`，而是 `/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 这里的 `·` 表示因 `t` 的舌尖动作完整却没有发出任何声音而产生的**停顿**。你可以再试试 *network* `/ˈnetˌwərk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词 —— 这里面的 `t` 也是同样的机制。（注意，也有人用喉塞音读这里的 `t`）
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Consider the word *hotdog*. You can't hear the `t`, but the articulation is complete. So instead of hearing `/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/` or `/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`, you hear `/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> – the `·` represents a stop created by the `t` sound's complete articulation without any audible output. Try the same with *network* `/ˈnetˌwərk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span> – the `t` applies the same principle. (Note, some people pronounce the `t` in this context using a *glottal stop*.)
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这类**停顿**（*stop*），也叫**塞音**，最常见的有以下几种：
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There are several types of *stops* in English:
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> * 唇塞音：`p`、`b`、`m`、`f`、`v` —— *I just cannot hel**p** myself*. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-nova.mp3"></span> 第四个单词 `/help/` 末尾的 `p` 就是一个唇塞音。
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> * **Bilabial stop**: As in *I just cannot hel**p** myself* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-nova.mp3"></span>, the `p` in `/help/` is a labial stop.
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> * 齿塞音：`θ`、`ð` —— *I wish the pa**th** to success was smoother.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-nova.mp3"></span> 第四个单词 `/pæθ/` 末尾的 `θ` 就是一个齿塞音。
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> * **Dental stop**: `θ`, `ð` - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-nova.mp3"></span>, the final `θ` in `/pæθ/` is a dental stop.
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> * 龈塞音: `t`、`d` —— *He trie**d** to discuss his idea with his boss.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-nova.mp3"></span> 第二个单词 `/traɪd/` 末尾的 `d` 就是一个龈塞音。
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> * **Alveolar stop**: `t`, `d` - As in *He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-nova.mp3"></span>, where the final `d` in `/traɪd/` is an alveolar stop.
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> * 喉塞音：`k`, `g`, `t` —— IPA 里用 `ʔ`标注。 *I don't thin**k** that is true.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-nova.mp3"></span> 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音，`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。 *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span> 是另外一个例子…… `t` 也有可能用这个喉塞音，比如，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>，或者 `/ˈneʔwɝːk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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> * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g`, `t` - In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol `ʔ`. Take the sentence *I don't think that's true*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-nova.mp3"></span> for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example is the word *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>. Also, `t` can sometimes be replaced with a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span> or *network* `/ˈneʔwɝːk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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不管是哪一种，大多都是因为之前的一个辅音**虽然并未发出声音却动作完整**造成的。
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Regardless of the type, most of such stops occur when a previous consonant is fully articulated without actually producing sound.
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除了**停顿**（*stop*）之外，一句话可能会被分为若干个**意群**（*meaning group*），意群之间总是有着明显的**暂停**（*pause*）。
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Apart from *stops*, a sentence can be divided into several *meaning groups*, each separated by an obvious *pause*.
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先听听这段话的录音[^1]：
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Check out the recording of this stentence:
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> *Yet, it is a fact of life that an unlettered peasant is considered ignorant.* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/yet-it-is-a-fact.mp3"></span>
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>
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> 以下是这段音频的 *Waveform*（波谱）和 *Pitch Contour*（音高变化）：
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> Here are the Waveform and Pitch Contour for this audio clip:
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>
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> 
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>
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> * *Pitch Contour* 截图来自学习辅助工具 [Enjoy](https://github.com/xiaolai/everyone-can-use-english)。
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> * The screenshot of the Pitch Contour is from the learning aid App [Enjoy](https://github.com/xiaolai/everyone-can-use-english).
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在 Waveform 里我们可以清楚地看到，这句话里有两处明显的停顿（用 `|` 标注）：
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In the Waveform, we can clearly see two significant pauses (marked with `|`) in this sentence:
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> *Yet, | it is a fact of life | that an unlettered peasant is considered ignorant.* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/yet-it-is-a-fact.mp3"></span>
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**停顿**（*stop*）与**暂停**（*pause*）可以用**可否换气**进行区分：
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The distinction between *stop* and *pause* can be clarified by whether or not one has the opportunity to take a breath:
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> * 音节之间的**停顿**（*stop*）通常是不用甚至不能换气的；
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> * A *stop* usually occurs between syllables where you don't need to, and often can't, take a breath;
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> * 意群之间的**暂停**（*pause*）是可以换气的 —— 当然若非必要也可以不换气；
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> * A *pause* typically happens between meaning groups, where you have the opportunity to take a breath - although it's not always necessary to do so.
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[^1]: This audio clip is extracted from the Audible edition of *Knowledge and Decisions* by Thomas Sowell.
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