81 lines
8.2 KiB
Markdown
81 lines
8.2 KiB
Markdown
# 3.2.1. <span class="pho">p/b</span>
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<span class="pho">p/b</span> 的发声动作一样，都是先把嘴唇闭合，而后用气流冲开嘴唇。<span class="pho">p</span> 没有声带振动 —— 所以是清辅音；而 <span class="pho">b</span> 有声带振动 —— 所以是浊辅音。
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## 3.2.1.1. 示例
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>D.J.</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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<td>IPA</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">p</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_pen_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>p</b>oor <span class="pho alt">pɔː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/poor-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/poor-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">p</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_pen_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>p</b>oor <span class="pho alt">pʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/poor-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/poor-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">b</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_book_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>b</b>ut <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/but-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/but-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">b</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_book_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>b</b>ut <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/but-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/but-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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## 3.2.1.2. 极轻元音 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>
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不加讲解的话，很多人会以为这两个辅音都会自然带有很轻微的 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音色 —— 是气流冲开嘴唇自然产生的声音。
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> [!Note]
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>
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> 《剑桥英语发声词典》中，辅音音素示例都刻意采用了 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的音色，例如，把 <span class="pho">p</span> 读成 <span class="pho alt">pə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_pen_2023feb.mp3"></span>，把 <span class="pho">b</span> 读成 <span class="pho alt">bə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_book_2023feb.mp3"></span>。
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可事实上，那并不是 <span class="pho">ʊ</span>，而是另外一个很轻的元音，是一个普遍没有被收录到英文音标里的国际音标符号，<span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>。其实，中文也有这个音，比如，在 “思念” 这个词中， “思”（<span class="pho">sī</span>）的韵母就是这个音，另外，韩文里也有这个音（韩文字符为 <span class="pho">ᅳ</span>），但日文里没有这个音。
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虽然英文的音标列表里并没有收录 <span class="pho">ɤ</span> 这个音，可实际上，你试试就知道了：<span class="pho">d</span> 常常被读作 <span class="pho">dɤ</span>，<span class="pho">g</span> 常常被读作 <span class="pho">gɤ</span> —— 其中的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span> 很轻很短；同样，<span class="pho">t</span> 实际上被读作 <span class="pho">tɤ</span>，<span class="pho">k</span> 被读作 <span class="pho">kɤ</span>。
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之前讲过，非重音音节里的元音可能会被弱化为 *schwa*（[3.1.1.2](3.1.1-ə#_3-1-1-2-央元音-ə)）<span class="pho">ə</span>…… 在自然语流中，连 *schwa* <span class="pho">ə</span> 都可能会被进一步弱化,变成非常轻的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>。比如，常用词 *reasonable*，字典里标注的当然是 <span class="pho alt">ˈriːzənəbəl</span>，实际听到的常常是 <span class="pho alt">ˈriːzɤnəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/reasonable-ɤ-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 拼写成 *so* 的这个音节，发音可能并不是词典里标注的 <span class="pho alt">zə</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">zɤ</span> 甚至干脆只剩下 <span class="pho alt">z</span>……
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## 3.2.1.3. 阻塞音 <span class="pho">◌̚</span>
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有些辅音 —— 比如，<span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">g</span>, <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">θ</span> —— 处于**自然语流**末尾（比如句子末尾，或者换气之前的意群末尾）的时候常常并不发音。这样的时候，需要引入另外一个英语音标里并未收录的符号，<span class="pho">◌̚</span>。
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这里的 “不发音” 是指 “**声带没有振动**” 但 “**其他发声器官 —— 比如嘴唇、舌尖或喉咙 —— 动作完整**”。
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> * <span class="pho">p̚</span>，嘴唇闭上，而后并没有继续张开，所以没有气流输出，也没有随后极其轻微的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>。比如 *cup* <span class="pho alt">kʌp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cup-stop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cup-stop-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">g̚</span>，舌背后部抬起来顶住软腭，而后并不离开，所以没有气流输出，也没有随后极其轻微的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>。比如 *big* <span class="pho alt">bɪg</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/big-stop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/big-stop-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">t̚</span>，舌尖顶到位置 ③，而后并没有离开，所以没有气流输出，也没有随后极其轻微的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>。比如 *but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/but-stop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/but-stop-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">θ̚</span>，舌尖顶到位置 ①，而后并没有离开，所以没有气流输出，也没有随后极其轻微的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>。比如 *math* <span class="pho alt">mæθ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/math-stop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/math-stop-us-female.mp3"></span>
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## 3.1.2.4. 拼写（Spellings）
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### <span class="pho">p</span>
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* **p**
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* pat <span class="pho alt">pæt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pat-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* pick <span class="pho alt">pɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pick-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pick-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* stop <span class="pho alt">stɑːp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/stop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/stop-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **pp**
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* happy <span class="pho alt">ˈhæp.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/happy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/happy-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* hopper <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑː.pɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hopper-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hopper-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* puppet <span class="pho alt">ˈpʌp.ɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/puppet-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/puppet-us-female.mp3"></span>
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### <span class="pho">b</span>
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* **b**
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* big <span class="pho alt">bɪɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/big-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/big-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* blob <span class="pho alt">blɑːb</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/blob-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/blob-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* club <span class="pho alt">klʌb</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/club-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/club-us-female.mp3"></span>
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