69 lines
7.6 KiB
Markdown
69 lines
7.6 KiB
Markdown
# 2.2.8. <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>
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<span class="pho">ʃ</span> 对很多人来说也许难度并不大，然而，<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 却可能非常难。再一次，关键在于发声时舌尖的起始位置 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）
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The pronunciation of <span class="pho">ʃ</span> may not pose much of a challenge for many people, yet <span class="pho">ʒ</span> can be extremely tough. Once again, the key lies in the initial position of the tongue tip when making the sound, i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
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比较一下以下的辅音：
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Let's compare following consonants:
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> * <span class="pho">t/d</span> 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊的前部 ③；
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> * For <span class="pho">t/d</span>, the tongue tip begins at the front part of *alveolar ridge* ③;
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> * <span class="pho">s/z</span> 要相对于 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 往前一些，贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 ②；
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> * For <span class="pho">s/z</span>, it's closer to the front compared to <span class="pho">t/d</span>, near but not touching the *seam* between the teeth and gums ②;
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> * <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> 要相对于 <span class="pho">s/z</span>再往前一些，贴在牙齿上，或者伸出牙齿一点点 ①；
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> * For <span class="pho">θ/ð</span>, it's even more forward than <span class="pho">s/z</span>, resting on the *teeth*, or protruding a bit ①;
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> * <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样，贴近但没有接触到龈脊的那个部位 ③；
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> * For <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>, it's almost same as <span class="pho">t/d</span>, near but not touching the part of the *alveolar ridge* ③;
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> * <span class="pho">r</span> 相对于 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 还要再往后一点，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ④……
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> * For <span class="pho">r</span>, it's further back than <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>, touching the part of the *alveolar ridge* ④...
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除了英语之外，大多语言里没有 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 这个辅音。即便是在英语里，含有这个辅音的词汇也很少，常见的不过几十个而已。
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Apart from English, most languages do not have the <span class="pho">ʒ</span> consonant. Even in English, there are only a handful of words that contain this sound.
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中国学生会不由自主地用 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 替代 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> —— 因为 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 是一个他们熟悉的辅音，相当于中文拼音中的 <span class="pho">zh</span>。<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 的区别在于，<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊；而 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 发声时起始的舌尖贴在龈脊（与 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 同一个位置 ③）。
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Chinese students tend to instinctively substitute <span class="pho">ʒ</span> with <span class="pho">dʒ</span> - a consonant they're familiar with, equivalent to the <span class="pho">zh</span> in Chinese Pinyin. The difference between <span class="pho">ʒ</span> and <span class="pho">dʒ</span> is that, when pronouncing <span class="pho">ʒ</span>, the tip of the tongue is close to but not touching the the *alveolar ridge* while for <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, the tongue tip starts at the the *alveolar ridge* (same position as <span class="pho">ʒ</span> ③).
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少数人知道 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 替代 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 不是一回事，但，由于舌尖起始位置并不准确，所以他们说出来的 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 听起来更接近 <span class="pho">r</span> —— 舌尖缩得过头了 —— <span class="pho">r</span> ④ 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对于 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> ③ 要更靠后一点。
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A few understand that substituting <span class="pho">dʒ</span> for <span class="pho">ʒ</span> isn't accurate. However, because their tongue tip positioning isn't precise, their <span class="pho">ʒ</span> sound often ends up sounding more like <span class="pho">r</span> - they retract their tongue tip too far - <span class="pho">r</span> ④ is pronounced with the tongue tip further back compared to <span class="pho">ʒ</span> ③ .
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## 拼写（Spellings）
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### <span class="pho">ʃ</span>
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* **s**
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- sugar <span class="pho alt">ˈʃʊɡ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sugar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sugar-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- sure <span class="pho alt">ʃʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sure-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ch**
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- chef <span class="pho alt">ʃef</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/chef-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/chef-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- machine <span class="pho alt">məˈʃiːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/machine-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/machine-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **sh**
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- finish <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪn.ɪʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/finish-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/finish-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- sheep <span class="pho alt">ʃiːp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sheep-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sheep-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ss**
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- discussion <span class="pho alt">dɪˈskʌʃ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/discussion-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/discussion-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- mission <span class="pho alt">ˈmɪʃ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mission-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mission-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- pressure <span class="pho alt">ˈpreʃ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pressure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pressure-us-female.mp3"></span>
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### <span class="pho">ʒ</span>
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* **g**
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- genre <span class="pho alt">ˈʒɑːn.rə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/genre-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/genre-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- garage <span class="pho alt">ɡəˈrɑːʒ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/garage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/garage-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **s**
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- measure <span class="pho alt">ˈmeʒ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/measure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/measure-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- leisure <span class="pho alt">ˈliː.ʒɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/leisure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/leisure-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- decision <span class="pho alt">dɪˈsɪʒ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/decision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/decision-us-female.mp3"></span>
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- fusion <span class="pho alt">ˈfjuː.ʒən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fusion-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fusion-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **z**
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- azure <span class="pho alt">ˈæʒ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/azure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/azure-us-female.mp3"></span>
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