50 lines
5.8 KiB
Markdown
50 lines
5.8 KiB
Markdown
# 4.1. 音节
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这是所有语言共同的特性：
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> * 自然语音都以**音节**为最基础单位。
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> * 音节以**元音**为核心。
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> * 每个音节**有且只有一个**元音。
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元音之于音节，正如细胞核之于细胞。
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## 4.1.1. 音节构成
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**英文的词汇由至少一个音节构成**。英文中出现频率最高的几个词，*a/an*, *the*, *of*, *to*, *for*... 等等都是单音节词汇。有的词汇可能很长，由很多音节构成。在英文词典中能找到的最长词汇总计由 19 个音节，45 个字母构成：
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> *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/En-us-pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.ogg.mp3"></span>
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>
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> <span class="pho alt">ˌnumənəʊˌəltrəˌmaɪkrəˌskɑpɪkˌsɪləkəʊvɑlˌkeɪnəʊˌkəʊniˈəʊsəs</span>
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一个音节中，有且只有一个元音（被称为 *nucleus*），也是该音节的韵（*rhyme*）。音节以元音为核心，前后可有多达三个辅音构成的组合。
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英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，<span class="pho">c</span> 代表辅音，<span class="pho">v</span> 代表元音）：
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> * <span class="pho">v</span> - *awe* <span class="pho alt">ɑː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/awe-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/awe-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">vc</span> - *add* <span class="pho alt">æd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/add-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/add-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">vcc</span> - *east* <span class="pho alt">iːst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/east-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/east-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">vccc</span> - *axed* <span class="pho alt">ækst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/axed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/axed-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">cv</span> - *the* <span class="pho alt">ðə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/the-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/the-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">cvc</span> - *dog* <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">cvcc</span> - *task* <span class="pho alt">tæsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/task-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/task-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">cvccc</span> - *text* <span class="pho alt">tekst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/text-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/text-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">ccv</span> - *flee* <span class="pho alt">fliː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/flee-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/flee-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">ccvc</span> - *speed* <span class="pho alt">spiːd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/speed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/speed-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">ccvcc</span> - *thrust* <span class="pho alt">θrʌst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thrust-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thrust-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">ccvccc</span> - *flexed* <span class="pho alt">flekst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/flexed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/flexed-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">cccv</span> - *spray* <span class="pho alt">spreɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/spray-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/spray-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">cccvc</span> - *spring* <span class="pho alt">sprɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/spring-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/spring-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">cccvcc</span> - *splashed* <span class="pho alt">splæʃt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/splashed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/splashed-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * <span class="pho">cccvccc</span> - *scrounged* <span class="pho alt">skraʊndʒd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/scrounged-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/scrounged-us-female.mp3"></span>
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## 4.1.2. “音节” ⭤ “字”
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在学习和练习英文的时候，亚洲人特别需要注意的是，要从心理上纠正一个对应关系，“英文音节 ⭤ 字”，而不是 “英文单词 ⭤ 字” —— 亚洲文字，无论是中文、日文还是韩文，所有的字都是单音节构成，但，英文的绝大多数单词由一个以上的音节构成。
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*individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 这一个单词，总计 *5* 个音节，所以，说出这个英文单词相当于 *5* 个汉字的长度…… 对比以下句子的音节数量：
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> * 人们看法各不相同。<span class="pho">[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]</span> —— 总计 *8* 个字，*8* 个音节。
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> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. <span class="pho alt">ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span> —— 总计 *7* 个单词，*19* 个音节。
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这个对应关系的纠正很重要，因为这个对应关系在最底层影响大脑理解自然语流的方式。
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