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<TITLE>LINUX--a free unix-386 kernel</TITLE>
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<H1 ALIGN="CENTER">L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL>--a free unix-386 kernel</H1>
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<P ALIGN="CENTER"><STRONG>Linus Torvalds (torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi)</STRONG></P>
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<P ALIGN="CENTER"><STRONG>October 10, 1991</STRONG></P>
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION00010000000000000000">
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Introduction to L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL></A>
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</H1>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="SECTION00011000000000000000">
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What is L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL>?</A>
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</H2>
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<P>
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L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> is a free unix-like kernel for 386-AT computers, coming with
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full source code. It is meant for hackers/computer science students to
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use, learn and enjoy. It is written mostly in <TT><B>C</B></TT>, but parts of
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it are in gnu-format assembler, and the boot-sequence is in intel 086
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assembly language. The <TT><B>C</B></TT>-code is relatively ANSI, with a few
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GNU enhancements (mostly <TT>__asm__</TT> and <TT>inline</TT>).
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<P>
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While there are a number of unices available for 386 computers, most of
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them cost a lot of money, and come with no source. Thus, they are ideal
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for actually <I>using</I> your computer, but if you want to learn how
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they work, you are f- -ked.
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<P>
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There are also a few unices available with source. Minix, the learning
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tool written by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, has been used in universities as a
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teaching tool for years. The BSD-386 system comes with source, but has a
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restrictive copyright and costs a lot of money ($995 is the starting
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price, I think). The GNU kernel (Hurd) will be free, but is currently
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not ready, and will be too big to understand and learn.
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<P>
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L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> most closely resembles Minix, in that it is small and not very
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sophisticated, and thus easy (well...) to understand. L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> was
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also written under Minix, so there are quite a bit of similarities, and
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any Minix hacker will feel relatively at home with L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL>. None of the
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Minix code was used in the project though, so the Minix copyright
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doesn't cover the new system. It also is <I>completely free</I>, and has
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a very loose copyright. Thus there is no need for megabytes of diffs
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like under Minix.
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="SECTION00012000000000000000">
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The L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> copyright</A>
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</H2>
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<P>
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While being freely distributable, I do restrict the use of L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> in a
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few ways:
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<UL>
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<LI>You may freely copy and redistribute the source and binaries, <B>as long as:</B>
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<UL>
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<LI>complete source is available. Thus binaries may not be distributed
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by themselves, even if you have made changes to them.
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</LI>
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<LI>you do not profit from the distribution. In fact even ``handling
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costs'' are not acceptable.
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</LI>
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<LI>you keep the appropriate copyrights intact.
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</LI>
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</UL>
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</LI>
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<LI>You may change the source to your liking, but if you distribute
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parts of the new system (or just binaries), all the new code must be
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included.
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</LI>
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<LI>You may make small excepts from the code without including
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copyrights. This is up to you, but a reference to me or the code would
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be appreciated.
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</LI>
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</UL>
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This should be loose enough not to cause any worry in anybody using or
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expanding the system. If you have a friend who really doesn't want the
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source, but just a working binary, you may of course give it to him
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without worrying whether I will sue you. Keep it between friends, though.
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="SECTION00013000000000000000">
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Hardware/software needed to get L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> running</A>
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</H2>
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<P>
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L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> was written on a 386-AT running Minix. As L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> is a real
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operating system, and goes directly to the hardware to do things, you
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have to have a very similar system to get it going without problems:
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<UL>
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<LI>386-AT (PS/2's are different enough that things won't work)
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</LI>
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<LI>VGA or EGA screen hardware.
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</LI>
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<LI>Standard AT hard-disk interface, IDE disks work fine (in fact
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that's what I use).
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</LI>
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<LI>Normal real-mode BIOS. Some machines seem to use virtual-86 mode
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to run the bootup program, and on such machines L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> won't boot up
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and run correctly.
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</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>
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While L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> will be expanded to be a self-sufficient system, Minix-386
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is currently needed to get the ball rolling. You need Minix to make the
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initial root file system, and to compile the OS binary. After that
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L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> is a self-sufficient system, but Minix is recommended in order
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to make file system checking (<TT>fsck</TT>) and to recompile the system
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after making changes.
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="SECTION00014000000000000000">
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Getting L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL></A>
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</H2>
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<P>
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L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> can currently be gotten by anonymous <TT>ftp</TT> from <TT>`nic.funet.fi'</TT> in the
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directory <TT>'/pub/OS/Linux'</TT>. This directory contains the full source to the operating
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system, as well as a couple of binaries so that you can actually use the
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system.
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<P>
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<BR><B>NOTE! The binaries are mostly GNU software,
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and are under a stricter copyright (the GNU copyleft) than the </B>L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL><B> sources. Thus you may not redistribute them without distributing their
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source, found in <TT>/pub/GNU</TT>. See any GNU software package for more
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information on the GNU copyleft.
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<BR></B>
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<P>
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The various files found in this directory are:
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<UL>
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<LI><TT>linux-0.03.tar.Z</TT>--complete source to the operating system,
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in a 16-bit compressed tar archive.
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</LI>
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<LI><TT>Linux.tex</TT>--L<SUP><SMALL>A</SMALL></SUP>T<SMALL>E</SMALL>X source for this file.
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</LI>
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<LI><TT>bash.Z</TT>--bash binary to run under L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL>. This binary should
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be put under tha name <TT>/bin/sh</TT> in the file system reserved for
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L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> (see installation).
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</LI>
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<LI><TT>update.Z</TT>--update binary, to be put in <TT>/bin/update</TT>.
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</LI>
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<LI><TT>gccbin.tar.Z</TT>--GNU cc binaries needed to get a working
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compiler. This tarred archive contains the compiler, loader, assembler
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and support programs (nm, strip etc). It also contains a small library
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sufficient for most programs.
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</LI>
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<LI><TT>include.tar.Z</TT>--include-files necessary to get gcc working.
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</LI>
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<LI><TT>unistd.tar.Z</TT>--source to the unistd library routines (ie
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system call interface). With this you can build a bigger library by
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using system-independent library sources.
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</LI>
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<LI><TT>utilbin.tar.Z</TT>--binaries to various GNU utilities, including
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GNU fileutils, make and tar. Also contains the emacs-clone <TT>uemacs</TT>.
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</LI>
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<LI><TT>README, RELNOTES-0.01, INSTALLATION</TT>--ascii files containing
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some (somewhat out-of-date) information about L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL>.
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</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>
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The absolute minimum needed to get a system going is the OS source and
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the bash and update binaries. You won't be doing much with just these
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though.
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION00020000000000000000">
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Installation</A>
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</H1>
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<P>
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After you have gotten the necessary L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> files, you need to compile
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the system and make a root directory. The necessary binaries need to be
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put in the root file system.
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Do this:
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<OL>
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<LI>Back up your software. While L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> never has destroyed any of my
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files, nothing is certain. Better safe than sorry.
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</LI>
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<LI>Choose/make a standard Minix HD-partition to be the new L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> root
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file system.
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</LI>
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<LI>Make the necessary device nodes on the new root. L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> uses the
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same type of nodes as Minix, so use the Minix <TT>mknod</TT> command to
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make the following devices:
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<UL>
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<LI><TT>/dev/tty</TT>
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</LI>
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<LI><TT>/dev/tty[0-2]</TT>
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</LI>
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<LI><TT>/dev/hd[0-9]</TT>
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</LI>
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</UL>
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Node numbers are the same as in Minix.
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</LI>
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<LI>Move the necessary files to the new root partition. The files
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should be in the following directories:
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<UL>
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<LI><TT>/bin:</TT>
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<UL>
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<LI><TT>sh</TT>, ie <TT>bash.Z</TT>.
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</LI>
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<LI><TT>update</TT>
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</LI>
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</UL>
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</LI>
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<LI><TT>/usr/bin:</TT>
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<UL>
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<LI>Contents of <TT>utilbin.tar.Z</TT>
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</LI>
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</UL>
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</LI>
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<LI><TT>/usr/include:</TT>
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<UL>
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<LI>Contents of <TT>include.tar.Z</TT>
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</LI>
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</UL>
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</LI>
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<LI><TT>/usr/local/lib:</TT>
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<UL>
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<LI>Contents of <TT>gccbin.tar.Z</TT>, excepting <TT>gcc</TT>
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</LI>
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</UL>
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</LI>
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<LI><TT>/usr/local/bin:</TT>
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<UL>
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<LI><TT>gcc</TT>
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</LI>
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<LI>links to files in <TT>/usr/local/lib</TT> of your choice. I link
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<TT>ld</TT>, <TT>as</TT>, <TT>nm</TT>, <TT>strip</TT> and <TT>size</TT> to their
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counterparts in <TT>/usr/local/lib/gcc-XXX</TT>.
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</LI>
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</UL>
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</LI>
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<LI>Edit the <TT>linux/include/linux/config.h</TT> file for your system.
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This file contains the system-specific information: memory space, disk
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types, root partition number (again the numbering is the same as in
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Minix), keyboard type (currently just US and Finnish) etc.
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</LI>
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<LI>Compile the L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> sources. A simple <TT>make</TT> should do the
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trick, after you have edited the <TT>makefile</TT>s to suit your system
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(ie, removed the <TT>-mstring-insns</TT> flag and changed the paths to suit
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you.) Users of <TT>gcc</TT> versions earlier than 1.40 will probably have
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to add <TT>gnulib</TT> to the `<TT>LIBS =</TT>'-line in the <TT>makefile</TT>.
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</LI>
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<LI>Copy the resultant <TT>Image</TT>-file to a floppy (ie, <TT>cp Image
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/dev/PS0</TT> or similar.)
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</LI>
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<LI>Reboot with the new floppy. The startup screen should tell you
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that the system is booting (<TT>Loading system ...</TT>), then some vital
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root file system information (<TT>xxx/XXX inodes/blocks free</TT>),
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followed by a <TT>Ok.</TT> and the bash prompt (initially <TT>bash#</TT> if
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you have no <TT>.bashrc</TT> file).
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</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>
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Hopefully you now have a functioning unix, and you are logged in as
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<TT>root</TT>. L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> currently has no <TT>'init'</TT> process, and as soon
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as you log out, the system will <TT>sync</TT> and just wait. Use the
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three-finger-salute to reboot your machine.
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<P>
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</LI>
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</OL>
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION00030000000000000000">
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Things missing/incomplete in L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL></A>
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</H1>
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<P>
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While L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> is meant to be a fully selfsufficient kernel, this is
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currently not the case. As already mentioned, you need Minix to set
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things up, and to check the file system once it's running. There are a
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number of other deficiencies:
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<UL>
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<LI>Incomplete hardware-support. Some of the standard features of an
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AT are not currently supported. Most notably are floppy disk drives,
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making using L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> for real work (backing up etc) currently not
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possible. Also some of the features of the serial lines aren't yet
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implemented (hard-wired to 2400bps, no hang-up notification etc).
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</LI>
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<LI>Incomplete standard C library. The <TT>libc.a</TT> found in the gcc
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distribution package is not complete, and I'm very much interested in
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freely distributable library functions.
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</LI>
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<LI>Some of the system calls are not fully implemented. This concerns
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mostly ``seldom-used'' features like debugging (yeah, who needs it
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anyway, don't all your programs work the first time <TT>:-)</TT> and some
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other features.
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</LI>
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<LI>As mentioned, no <TT>login</TT> and <TT>init</TT> processes. Currently
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L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> boots up in single-user mode, with the root as console-user.
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This is enough for some porting work, but not really practical.
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</LI>
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<LI>387-support is not yet implemented, although some skeleton
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routines are present. The gcc-binary found on <TT>`nic.funet.fi'</TT> will correctly use
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soft-float (ie emulation function calls) for the four basic math
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operations. 387-support will materialize as soon as a 387 finds its way
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into my computer. Hopefully in a month or two.
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</LI>
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<LI>None of the important system-administration commands has yet been
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written for L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL>. These include things like <TT>mkfs</TT>, <TT>format</TT>,
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<TT>fsck</TT>, <TT>mknod</TT> etc. Some of these need kernel features not yet
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implemented (<TT>format</TT>, <TT>mknod</TT>), some just need to be written.
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As with the library, I'd welcome any freely distributable files.
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</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>
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As you can see, L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> is as yet not a complete system. Your help is
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appreciated to make it better. I'm not interested in Minix-commands
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rewritten for L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL>, unless you have written them yourself from
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scratch. You are of course free (and encouraged) to use everything you
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have in your Minix-distribution for your own L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL>-system, but due to
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the Minix copyrights, they cannot be distributed to a wider audience.
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<P>
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Some of the probelms mentioned here will be fixed by me (ie serial
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lines/387/floppy support) as soon as possible, but I'm hoping to get
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help with the libraries etc. Bug-reports/patches and wish-lists will be
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appreciated, and if you actually have the patch to the problem, I'll try
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to implement it right away. Small changes will be sent out as patches to
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the mailing list and be set up on <TT>`nic.funet.fi'</TT>, but after heavy rewrites or
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bigger patches, the whole system will be updated at <TT>`nic.funet.fi'</TT>.
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION00040000000000000000">
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Porting software for L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL></A>
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</H1>
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<P>
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L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> was designed to make porting relatively easy. Thus the full
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<TT>termios</TT>-implementation, and the somewhat <TT>POSIX</TT> library. The
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(admittedly relativly few) programs I've ported posed no problems.
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<P>
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Even though L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> resembles Minix a great deal, Minix programs are not
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generally easier to port than programs designed for some other unix.
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Thus I wouldn't recommend starting from a Minix-version of a particular
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program, but instead trying to port the ``virgin'' program from scratch.
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Being closer to SYSV than BSD means that most programs port easily when
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given a <TT>-DUSG</TT> or <TT>-DSYSV</TT> flag.
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<P>
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One of the more difficult problem in porting can be missing library
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functions. These must be written by you, or copied from some other
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source (Minix being one possibility for those that have it).
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Alternatively, some programs (notably GNU) have various flags making it
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possible to define which functions aren't available (the GNU fileutils
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will compile quite nicely, once a sufficient number of
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<TT>-DXXX_MISSING</TT> flags are added to the <TT>Makefile</TT>.)
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="SECTION00041000000000000000">
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Programs already ported</A>
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</H2>
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<P>
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These programs have already been ported to L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL>:
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<UL>
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<LI>GNU cc (gcc, cc1, cpp)
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</LI>
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<LI>GNU assembler (as386)
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</LI>
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<LI>GNU binutils (ld, ar, nm, size, strip, ranlib)
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</LI>
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<LI>GNU compress (16-bit)
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</LI>
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<LI>GNU tar
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</LI>
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<LI>GNU make
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</LI>
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<LI>GNU bash (Bourne Again SHell)
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</LI>
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<LI>GNU sed
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</LI>
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<LI>GNU bison (yacc-lookalike)
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</LI>
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|
<LI>GNU awk
|
|
</LI>
|
|
<LI>GNU fileutils (ls, cp, rm, mkdir, rmdir, tail etc)
|
|
</LI>
|
|
<LI>less
|
|
</LI>
|
|
<LI>uemacs
|
|
</LI>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
All of the above sources can be found on <TT>`nic.funet.fi'</TT> (mostly in
|
|
<TT>`/pub/gnu'</TT>), and most of the L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL>-binaries can be found in the
|
|
directory <TT>'/pub/OS/Linux'</TT>. All of these programs compiled without changes, even
|
|
though gcc (cc1) has some enhancements of my own. Mail me for
|
|
diffs/sources, but try first to compile them yourself.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Additionally I have reports that GNU diff compiles cleanly and works.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION00050000000000000000">
|
|
Technical help</A>
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL> currently has a mailing-list, which you can subscribe to by
|
|
mailing to the address: <TT><B>Linux-activists-request@niksula.hut.fi</B></TT>
|
|
and asking to be included into the list. You can then ask questions by
|
|
mailing them to <TT><B>Linux-activists@niksula.hut.fi</B></TT>, which will
|
|
duplicate your question/answer/whatever and send them to all persons on
|
|
the list.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Note the difference between <TT>Linux-activists</TT> and
|
|
<TT>Linux-activists-request</TT> -- the first sends mail to all persons on
|
|
the list, the second is used only to subscribe and unsubscribe from the
|
|
list.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Naturally, you can also mail me directly at <TT><B>torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi</B></TT>. I'll try to answer all questions within a
|
|
day or two.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Although <TT>`nic.funet.fi'</TT> will probably be kept reasonably up-to-date, there are a
|
|
few problems with it (ie, I cannot personally get to the files, but have
|
|
to go through a couple of persons). Thus people on the mailing-list will
|
|
get patches/binaries faster if they ask for them.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION00060000000000000000">
|
|
Thanks</A>
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
I'd like to thank the academy ...
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Seriously, this system never would have seen the light of day or would
|
|
have been much worse without the help of some others. Bruce Evans
|
|
helped me find the places needed to be changed in order for <TT>gcc</TT> to
|
|
correctly handle floating point, and came with a lot of useful
|
|
ideas/suggestions (and his Minix-386 was used to build the system).
|
|
Also, Earl Chew's <TT>estdio</TT> package was used for the standard
|
|
IO-library. More freely distributable packages like this!
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Alain W Black and Richard Tobin made the gcc for Minix, without which I
|
|
couldn't have compiled the thing. GNU made most of the programs I use
|
|
under L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL>. Alfred Leung sent the US keyboard patches.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
PS. ``Thanks'' to <TT>wirzeniu@kruuna.helsinki.fi</TT> for his
|
|
``constructive'' criticism and ``witty'' comments. He was also my first
|
|
<IMG
|
|
WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
|
|
SRC="img1.png"
|
|
ALT="$\alpha$">-tester, and should be given a medal for courage.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION00070000000000000000">
|
|
About this document ...</A>
|
|
</H1>
|
|
<STRONG>L<SMALL>INUX</SMALL>--a free unix-386 kernel</STRONG><P>
|
|
This document was generated using the
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.latex2html.org/"><STRONG>LaTeX</STRONG>2<tt>HTML</tt></A> translator Version 2002 (1.62)
|
|
<P>
|
|
Copyright © 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996,
|
|
<A HREF="http://cbl.leeds.ac.uk/nikos/personal.html">Nikos Drakos</A>,
|
|
Computer Based Learning Unit, University of Leeds.
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999,
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.maths.mq.edu.au/~ross/">Ross Moore</A>,
|
|
Mathematics Department, Macquarie University, Sydney.
|
|
<P>
|
|
The command line arguments were: <BR>
|
|
<STRONG>latex2html</STRONG> <TT>-local_icons -address gohigh@sh163.net -split 1 Linux.tex</TT>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The translation was initiated by root on 2004-05-08<HR>
|
|
<!--Navigation Panel-->
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<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
|
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<ADDRESS>
|
|
gohigh@sh163.net
|
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</ADDRESS>
|
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</HTML>
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