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xiaolai
2024-03-08 20:09:43 +08:00
committed by Lyric
parent 4e227ad8c4
commit 1e8e546141
17 changed files with 481 additions and 405 deletions
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1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts
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@@ -50,310 +50,392 @@ export default withMermaid(
sidebar: {
"/": [
{
text: "简要说明",
collapsed: true,
link: "/intro",
items: [
{ text: "1. 要不要健脑？", link: "/why" },
{ text: "2. 什么最健脑？", link: "/what" },
],
},
{
text: "训练任务",
collapsed: true,
items: [
{ text: "1. 启动任务", link: "/training-tasks/kick-off" },
{ text: "2. 训练方法", link: "/training-tasks/procedures" },
{
text: "3. 人工智能",
collapsed: false,
link: "/training-tasks/ai",
items: [
{
text: "3.1. 基础语言能力",
link: "/training-tasks/language",
},
{
text: "3.2. 成年人的困境",
link: "/training-tasks/predicaments",
},
{
text: "3.3. 人工智能辅助",
link: "/training-tasks/revolution",
},
{ text: "3.4. 任务并不高级", link: "/training-tasks/ground" },
{ text: "3.5. 效果非常惊人", link: "/training-tasks/wonder" },
],
},
{ text: "4. 意料之外", link: "/training-tasks/surprise" },
],
},
// {
// text: "简要说明",
// collapsed: true,
// link: "/intro",
// items: [
// { text: "1. 要不要健脑？", link: "/why" },
// { text: "2. 什么最健脑？", link: "/what" },
// ],
// },
// {
// text: "训练任务",
// collapsed: true,
// items: [
// { text: "1. 启动任务", link: "/training-tasks/kick-off" },
// { text: "2. 训练方法", link: "/training-tasks/procedures" },
// {
// text: "3. 人工智能",
// collapsed: false,
// link: "/training-tasks/ai",
// items: [
// {
// text: "3.1. 基础语言能力",
// link: "/training-tasks/language",
// },
// {
// text: "3.2. 成年人的困境",
// link: "/training-tasks/predicaments",
// },
// {
// text: "3.3. 人工智能辅助",
// link: "/training-tasks/revolution",
// },
// { text: "3.4. 任务并不高级", link: "/training-tasks/ground" },
// { text: "3.5. 效果非常惊人", link: "/training-tasks/wonder" },
// ],
// },
// { text: "4. 意料之外", link: "/training-tasks/surprise" },
// ],
// },
{
text: "语音塑造",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/1-basics",
collapsed: true,
items: [
{
text: "1. 基础",
collapsed: true,
link: "/sounds-of-english/01-basics",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/1-basics",
items: [
{
text: "1.1. 音素",
collapsed: true,
link: "/sounds-of-english/01-phonemes",
items: [
{
text: "1.1.1. 元音",
link: "/sounds-of-english/01-1-vowels",
},
{
text: "1.1.2. 辅音",
link: "/sounds-of-english/01-2-consonants",
},
{
text: "1.1.3. 美式语音标注",
link: "/sounds-of-english/01-3-us-phonemes",
},
{
text: "1.1.4. 示例",
link: "/sounds-of-english/01-4-pangram",
},
],
text: "1.1. 字母",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/1.1-alphabet",
},
{
text: "1.2. 音节",
link: "/sounds-of-english/02-syllables",
text: "1.2. 音素",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes",
},
],
},
{
text: "2. 详解",
text: "2. 发声器官",
collapsed: true,
link: "/sounds-of-english/03-details",
items: [
{
text: "2.1. 元音",
collapsed: false,
link: "/sounds-of-english/03-vowels-overview",
items: [
{
text: "2.1.1. 口腔内气流共鸣位置",
link: "/sounds-of-english/04-vowel-positions",
},
{ text: "2.1.2. ʌ/ɑː", link: "/sounds-of-english/05-Ʌ" },
{ text: "2.1.3. e/æ", link: "/sounds-of-english/06-e" },
{ text: "2.1.4. ə/əː", link: "/sounds-of-english/07-ə" },
{ text: "2.1.5. ɪ/iː", link: "/sounds-of-english/08-i" },
{ text: "2.1.6. ʊ/uː", link: "/sounds-of-english/09-u" },
{ text: "2.1.7. ɔ/ɔː", link: "/sounds-of-english/10-ɔ" },
{
text: "2.1.8. aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, əʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə",
link: "/sounds-of-english/11-aɪ",
},
],
},
{
text: "2.2. 辅音",
collapsed: false,
link: "/sounds-of-english/12-consonants-overview",
items: [
{
text: "2.2.1. p, b, m, n, f, k, g, h",
link: "/sounds-of-english/13-pbmnfkgh",
},
{ text: "2.2.2. f, v", link: "/sounds-of-english/14-fv" },
{
text: "2.2.3. m, n, ŋ",
link: "/sounds-of-english/15-mn",
},
{
text: "2.2.4. t, d, s, z; ʃ, tʃ, dʒ",
link: "/sounds-of-english/16-tdsz",
},
{ text: "2.2.5. t, d", link: "/sounds-of-english/17-td" },
{
text: "2.2.6. tr, dr, ts, dz",
link: "/sounds-of-english/18-trdr",
},
{
text: "2.2.7. sp, st, str, sk",
link: "/sounds-of-english/19-sptk",
},
{ text: "2.2.8. h", link: "/sounds-of-english/20-h" },
{ text: "2.2.9. θ, ð", link: "/sounds-of-english/21-θð" },
{ text: "2.2.10. r", link: "/sounds-of-english/22-r" },
{ text: "2.2.11. l", link: "/sounds-of-english/23-l" },
{ text: "2.2.12. ʒ", link: "/sounds-of-english/24-ʒ" },
{
text: "2.2.13. j, w",
link: "/sounds-of-english/25-jw",
},
],
},
{
text: "2.3. 连读",
link: "/sounds-of-english/26-catenation",
},
{
text: "2.4. 音标学习",
link: "/sounds-of-english/27-learning-phonetics",
},
{
text: "2.4. 英美口音选择",
link: "/sounds-of-english/28-choosing-accent",
},
],
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2-articulators",
},
{
text: "3. 进阶",
text: "3. 详解",
collapsed: true,
link: "/sounds-of-english/29-advanced",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3-details",
items: [
{
text: "3.1 什么更重要？",
link: "/sounds-of-english/30-more-important",
text: "3.1. 元音",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.1-vowels",
items: [
{
text: "3.1.1. 口型",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.1-lips",
},
{
text: "3.1.2. ʌ/ɑ",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.2-ʌ",
},
{
text: "3.1.3. e/æ",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.3-e",
},
{
text: "3.1.4. ə/əː",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.4-ə",
},
{
text: "3.1.5. ɪ/iː",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.5-i",
},
{
text: "3.1.6. ʊ/uː",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.6-u",
},
{
text: "3.1.7. ɔ/ɔː",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.7-ɔ",
},
{
text: "3.1.8. aɪ... əʊ",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.8-aɪ",
},
]
},
{ text: "3.2 停顿", link: "/sounds-of-english/31-pause" },
{ text: "3.3 高低", link: "/sounds-of-english/32-high-low" },
{ text: "3.4 起伏", link: "/sounds-of-english/33-up-down" },
{
text: "3.5 轻重",
link: "/sounds-of-english/34-strong-weak",
text: "3.2. 辅音",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2-consonants",
items: [
{
text: "3.2.1. 分类",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.1-categorization",
},
]
},
{ text: "3.6 缓急", link: "/sounds-of-english/35-fast-slow" },
{
text: "3.7 长短",
link: "/sounds-of-english/36-long-short",
},
],
},
{
text: "4. 收官",
collapsed: true,
link: "/sounds-of-english/37-round-up",
items: [
{ text: "4.1 流利", link: "/sounds-of-english/38-fluent" },
{ text: "4.2 情绪", link: "/sounds-of-english/39-emotional" },
],
},
],
},
{
text: "大脑内部",
collapsed: true,
items: [
{ text: "1. 小空间大世界", link: "/in-the-brain/01-inifinite" },
{ text: "2. 一切都是连接", link: "/in-the-brain/02-links" },
{ text: "3. 一切都是体育课", link: "/in-the-brain/03-sports" },
{
text: "4. 一切都是语文课",
link: "/in-the-brain/04-literature",
},
{ text: "5. 一切都需要能量", link: "/in-the-brain/05-energy" },
{
text: "6. 用进废退循环利用",
link: "/in-the-brain/06-use-or-lose",
},
{
text: "7. 短时间内足量重复",
link: "/in-the-brain/07-repitition",
},
{
text: "8. 新旧网络间的竞争",
link: "/in-the-brain/08-compitition",
},
{
text: "9. 注意不到就不存在",
link: "/in-the-brain/09-unnoticed",
},
{
text: "10. 熟练就是卸载负担",
link: "/in-the-brain/10-unloading",
},
{ text: "11. 被关注是最大负担", link: "/in-the-brain/11-burden" },
{
text: "12. 有限排它不可再生",
link: "/in-the-brain/12-unreproducible",
},
{
text: "13. 一切都是化学反应",
link: "/in-the-brain/13-chemical",
},
{
text: "14. 安全阈值决定成果",
link: "/in-the-brain/14-threshold",
},
],
},
{
text: "自我训练",
collapsed: true,
link: `/self-training/00-intro`,
items: [
{ text: "1. 用兵打仗", link: "/self-training/01-fight" },
{ text: "2. 只能自学", link: "/self-training/02-last-resort" },
{
text: "3. 生学硬练",
link: "/self-training/03-trials-and-errors",
},
{ text: "4. 走出迷宫", link: "/self-training/04-maze" },
{ text: "5. 自我纠正", link: "/self-training/05-correction" },
{ text: "6. 自主驱动", link: "/self-training/06-motives" },
{ text: "7. 自我鼓励", link: "/self-training/07-encouraging" },
{ text: "8. 自我监督", link: "/self-training/08-supervising" },
{ text: "9. 自主计划", link: "/self-training/09-planning" },
{ text: "10. 返璞归真", link: "/self-training/10-going-back" },
],
},
// {
// text: "语音塑造",
// collapsed: true,
// items: [
// {
// text: "1. 基础",
// collapsed: true,
// link: "/sounds-of-english/01-basics",
// items: [
// {
// text: "1.1. 音素",
// collapsed: true,
// link: "/sounds-of-english/01-phonemes",
// items: [
// {
// text: "1.1.1. 元音",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/01-1-vowels",
// },
// {
// text: "1.1.2. 辅音",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/01-2-consonants",
// },
// {
// text: "1.1.3. 美式语音标注",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/01-3-us-phonemes",
// },
// {
// text: "1.1.4. 示例",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/01-4-pangram",
// },
// ],
// },
// {
// text: "1.2. 音节",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/02-syllables",
// },
// ],
// },
// {
// text: "2. 详解",
// collapsed: true,
// link: "/sounds-of-english/03-details",
// items: [
// {
// text: "2.1. 元音",
// collapsed: false,
// link: "/sounds-of-english/03-vowels-overview",
// items: [
// {
// text: "2.1.1. 口腔内气流共鸣位置",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/04-vowel-positions",
// },
// { text: "2.1.2. ʌ/ɑː", link: "/sounds-of-english/05-Ʌ" },
// { text: "2.1.3. e/æ", link: "/sounds-of-english/06-e" },
// { text: "2.1.4. ə/əː", link: "/sounds-of-english/07-ə" },
// { text: "2.1.5. ɪ/iː", link: "/sounds-of-english/08-i" },
// { text: "2.1.6. ʊ/uː", link: "/sounds-of-english/09-u" },
// { text: "2.1.7. ɔ/ɔː", link: "/sounds-of-english/10-ɔ" },
// {
// text: "2.1.8. aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, əʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/11-aɪ",
// },
// ],
// },
// {
// text: "2.2. 辅音",
// collapsed: false,
// link: "/sounds-of-english/12-consonants-overview",
// items: [
// {
// text: "2.2.1. p, b, m, n, f, k, g, h",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/13-pbmnfkgh",
// },
// { text: "2.2.2. f, v", link: "/sounds-of-english/14-fv" },
// {
// text: "2.2.3. m, n, ŋ",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/15-mn",
// },
// {
// text: "2.2.4. t, d, s, z; ʃ, tʃ, dʒ",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/16-tdsz",
// },
// { text: "2.2.5. t, d", link: "/sounds-of-english/17-td" },
// {
// text: "2.2.6. tr, dr, ts, dz",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/18-trdr",
// },
// {
// text: "2.2.7. sp, st, str, sk",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/19-sptk",
// },
// { text: "2.2.8. h", link: "/sounds-of-english/20-h" },
// { text: "2.2.9. θ, ð", link: "/sounds-of-english/21-θð" },
// { text: "2.2.10. r", link: "/sounds-of-english/22-r" },
// { text: "2.2.11. l", link: "/sounds-of-english/23-l" },
// { text: "2.2.12. ʒ", link: "/sounds-of-english/24-ʒ" },
// {
// text: "2.2.13. j, w",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/25-jw",
// },
// ],
// },
// {
// text: "2.3. 连读",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/26-catenation",
// },
// {
// text: "2.4. 音标学习",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/27-learning-phonetics",
// },
// {
// text: "2.4. 英美口音选择",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/28-choosing-accent",
// },
// ],
// },
// {
// text: "3. 进阶",
// collapsed: true,
// link: "/sounds-of-english/29-advanced",
// items: [
// {
// text: "3.1 什么更重要？",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/30-more-important",
// },
// { text: "3.2 停顿", link: "/sounds-of-english/31-pause" },
// { text: "3.3 高低", link: "/sounds-of-english/32-high-low" },
// { text: "3.4 起伏", link: "/sounds-of-english/33-up-down" },
// {
// text: "3.5 轻重",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/34-strong-weak",
// },
// { text: "3.6 缓急", link: "/sounds-of-english/35-fast-slow" },
// {
// text: "3.7 长短",
// link: "/sounds-of-english/36-long-short",
// },
// ],
// },
// {
// text: "4. 收官",
// collapsed: true,
// link: "/sounds-of-english/37-round-up",
// items: [
// { text: "4.1 流利", link: "/sounds-of-english/38-fluent" },
// { text: "4.2 情绪", link: "/sounds-of-english/39-emotional" },
// ],
// },
// ],
// },
// {
// text: "大脑内部",
// collapsed: true,
// items: [
// { text: "1. 小空间大世界", link: "/in-the-brain/01-inifinite" },
// { text: "2. 一切都是连接", link: "/in-the-brain/02-links" },
// { text: "3. 一切都是体育课", link: "/in-the-brain/03-sports" },
// {
// text: "4. 一切都是语文课",
// link: "/in-the-brain/04-literature",
// },
// { text: "5. 一切都需要能量", link: "/in-the-brain/05-energy" },
// {
// text: "6. 用进废退循环利用",
// link: "/in-the-brain/06-use-or-lose",
// },
// {
// text: "7. 短时间内足量重复",
// link: "/in-the-brain/07-repitition",
// },
// {
// text: "8. 新旧网络间的竞争",
// link: "/in-the-brain/08-compitition",
// },
// {
// text: "9. 注意不到就不存在",
// link: "/in-the-brain/09-unnoticed",
// },
// {
// text: "10. 熟练就是卸载负担",
// link: "/in-the-brain/10-unloading",
// },
// { text: "11. 被关注是最大负担", link: "/in-the-brain/11-burden" },
// {
// text: "12. 有限排它不可再生",
// link: "/in-the-brain/12-unreproducible",
// },
// {
// text: "13. 一切都是化学反应",
// link: "/in-the-brain/13-chemical",
// },
// {
// text: "14. 安全阈值决定成果",
// link: "/in-the-brain/14-threshold",
// },
// ],
// },
// {
// text: "自我训练",
// collapsed: true,
// link: `/self-training/00-intro`,
// items: [
// { text: "1. 用兵打仗", link: "/self-training/01-fight" },
// { text: "2. 只能自学", link: "/self-training/02-last-resort" },
// {
// text: "3. 生学硬练",
// link: "/self-training/03-trials-and-errors",
// },
// { text: "4. 走出迷宫", link: "/self-training/04-maze" },
// { text: "5. 自我纠正", link: "/self-training/05-correction" },
// { text: "6. 自主驱动", link: "/self-training/06-motives" },
// { text: "7. 自我鼓励", link: "/self-training/07-encouraging" },
// { text: "8. 自我监督", link: "/self-training/08-supervising" },
// { text: "9. 自主计划", link: "/self-training/09-planning" },
// { text: "10. 返璞归真", link: "/self-training/10-going-back" },
// ],
// },
],
"/enjoy-app/": [
{
text: "快速开始",
collapsed: false,
items: [
{ text: "Enjoy 简介", link: "/enjoy-app/" },
{ text: "下载安装", link: "/enjoy-app/install" },
{ text: "软件设置", link: "/enjoy-app/settings" },
],
},
{
text: "跟读训练",
collapsed: false,
items: [
{ text: "音频资源", link: "/enjoy-app/audios" },
{ text: "视频资源", link: "/enjoy-app/videos" },
],
},
{
text: "阅读文本",
collapsed: false,
items: [
{ text: "在线文章", link: "/enjoy-app/webpage" },
{ text: "本地电子书", link: "/enjoy-app/ebook" },
],
},
{
text: "智能助手",
collapsed: false,
items: [
{ text: "简介", link: "/enjoy-app/ai-assistant" },
{ text: "GPT 服务", link: "/enjoy-app/gpt-conversation" },
{ text: "TTS 服务", link: "/enjoy-app/tts-conversation" },
],
},
{
text: "使用案例",
collapsed: false,
items: [
{
text: "利用 AI 生成训练材料",
link: "/enjoy-app/use-case-generate-audio-resources",
},
],
},
],
// "/enjoy-app/": [
// {
// text: "快速开始",
// collapsed: false,
// items: [
// { text: "Enjoy 简介", link: "/enjoy-app/" },
// { text: "下载安装", link: "/enjoy-app/install" },
// { text: "软件设置", link: "/enjoy-app/settings" },
// ],
// },
// {
// text: "跟读训练",
// collapsed: false,
// items: [
// { text: "音频资源", link: "/enjoy-app/audios" },
// { text: "视频资源", link: "/enjoy-app/videos" },
// ],
// },
// {
// text: "阅读文本",
// collapsed: false,
// items: [
// { text: "在线文章", link: "/enjoy-app/webpage" },
// { text: "本地电子书", link: "/enjoy-app/ebook" },
// ],
// },
// {
// text: "智能助手",
// collapsed: false,
// items: [
// { text: "简介", link: "/enjoy-app/ai-assistant" },
// { text: "GPT 服务", link: "/enjoy-app/gpt-conversation" },
// { text: "TTS 服务", link: "/enjoy-app/tts-conversation" },
// ],
// },
// {
// text: "使用案例",
// collapsed: false,
// items: [
// {
// text: "利用 AI 生成训练材料",
// link: "/enjoy-app/use-case-generate-audio-resources",
// },
// ],
// },
// ],
},
socialLinks: [

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-basics.md
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英文语音所谓的基础真的很少，打印出来也不过是几页纸的篇幅而已。
The fundamentals of English pronunciation, in reality, are quite straightforward. Printed out, they would only take up a few pages.
## 1.1 字母表（Alphabets）
英语总计使用 26 个**字母**（*letters*），各有大小写之分。在欧洲语言之中，英语是罕见的不使用**修饰符**（*diacritics*）的文字 —— 所谓修饰符，指的是字母上附加的标记，用以区分发音或者意义，比如，*â*、*é*、*ç*，等等。
Modern English is composed of *26* letters, each with both *uppercase* and *lowercase* forms. English stands out among European languages for not using [diacritics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic), which are special marks added to letters to alter their pronunciation or meaning, such as *â*, *é* or *ç*, etc.
北约（NATO）有一套指称英文字母的系统，用以在仅有语音交流的情况下避免歧义 —— 在军事、航空、紧急救助、无线电或者电话沟通等诸多场合中具备不可或缺作用。
[NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) has a system that uses common words to identify each letter, which is particularly helpful for military and civil aviation, emergency serivces, radio or phone communication, and many others to avoid confusion when spelling out words.
| Letter | Pronunciation | NATO Phonetic Alphabet |
| --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **A** *a* | `/eɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/a-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/a-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Alpha* `/ˈæl.fə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **B** *b* | `/biː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/b-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/b-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Bravo* `/ˈbrɑː.voʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Bravo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Bravo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **C** *c* | `/siː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/c-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/c-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Charlie* `/ˈtʃɑːr.liː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Charlie-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Charlie-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **D** *d* | `/diː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/d-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/d-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Delta* `/ˈdɛl.tə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Delta-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Delta-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **E** *e* | `/iː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/e-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/e-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Echo* `/ˈɛk.oʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Echo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Echo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **F** *f* | `/ɛf/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/f-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/f-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Foxtrot* `/ˈfɔːks.trɒt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Foxtrot-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Foxtrot-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **G** *g* | `/dʒiː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/g-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/g-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Golf* `/ɡɑːf/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Golf-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Golf-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **H** *h* | `/eɪtʃ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/h-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/h-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Hotel* `/hoʊˈtɛl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Hotel-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Hotel-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **I** *i* | `/aɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/i-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/i-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *India* `/ˈɪn.di.ə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/India-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/India-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **J** *j* | `/dʒeɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/j-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/j-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Juliet* `/ˈdʒuːliːˌɛt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Juliet-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Juliet-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **K** *k* | `/keɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/k-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/k-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Kilo* `/ˈkiː.loʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Kilo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Kilo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **L** *l* | `/ɛl/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/l-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/l-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Lima* `/ˈliː.mə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Lima-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Lima-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **M** *m* | `/ɛm/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/m-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/m-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Mike* `/maɪk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Mike-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Mike-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **N** *n* | `/ɛn/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/n-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/n-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *November* `/noʊˈvɛm.bər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/November-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/November-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **O** *o* | `/oʊ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/o-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/o-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Oscar* `/ˈɑːs.kɑːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Oscar-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Oscar-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **P** *p* | `/piː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/p-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/p-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Papa* `/pəˈpɑː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Papa-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Papa-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **Q** *q* | `/kjuː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/q-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/q-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Quebec* `/kəˈbɛk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Quebec-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Quebec-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **R** *r* | `/ɑːr/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/r-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/r-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Romeo* `/ˈroʊ.miːˌoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Romeo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Romeo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **S** *s* | `/ɛs/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/s-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/s-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Sierra* `/siˈɛr.ə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Sierra-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Sierra-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **T** *t* | `/tiː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/t-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/t-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Tango* `/ˈtæŋ.ɡoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Tango-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Tango-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **U** *u* | `/juː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/u-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/u-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Uniform* `/ˈjuː.nɪ.fɔːrm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Uniform-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Uniform-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **V** *v* | `/viː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/v-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/v-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Victor* `/ˈvɪk.tər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Victor-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Victor-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **W** *w* | `/ˈdʌbl̩juː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/w-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/w-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Whiskey* `/ˈwɪs.kiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Whiskey-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Whiskey-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **X** *x* | `/ɛks/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/x-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/x-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *X-ray* `/ˈɛks.reɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/X-ray-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/X-ray-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **Y** *y* | `/waɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/y-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/y-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Yankee* `/ˈjæŋ.kiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Yankee-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Yankee-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **Z** *z* | `/ziː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/z-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/z-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Zulu* `/ˈzuː.luː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Zulu-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Zulu-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
在英式英语中，*z* 被读作 `/zed/`。
In British, letter *z* is pronounced as `/zed/`.
> [!Note]
>
> * 合成语音文件使用的是 OpenAI 的 TTS (Text-to-Speech) 和微软的 Edge's TTS。蓝色喇叭图标<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guy.mp3"></span>是男性语音，褐色喇叭图标<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span>是女性语音。
> * The synthesized audio files primarily utilizes OpenAI's TTS (Text-to-Speech) and Microsoft Edge's TTS. The blue speaker icon<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guy.mp3"></span>represents a male voice, whereas the brown speaker icon<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span>signifies a female voice.
> * IPA 音标标注往是通过 OpenAI 的 ChatGPT 生成的，有时可能并不统一，或存在一些错误，需要纠正。
>
> * The IPA ([International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet)) notation used for phonetic transcription is generated by OpenAI's ChatGPT, which may occasionally make mistakes that need to be corrected.
## 1.2 音素（Phonemes）
在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为**音素**（phonemes）。英语的音素分为**元音**和**辅音**。
In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as *phonemes*. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: *vowels* and *consonants*.
> [!Note]
>
> * 这个教程采用的注音体系是 D.J. 音标。[Daniel Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) 于 1917 年发布 *English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*EPD*, 英语发音词典)，并在其后的多年里反复修订。最终它被剑桥接手，更名为 *Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*CEPD*, 剑桥英语发音词典) 。*CEPD*于 1997 年发布第 *15* 版，增加了一些符号用以同时标注美式发音。目前的 *CEPD* 已经是[第 *18* 版](https://www.cambridge.org/gb/cambridgeenglish/catalog/dictionaries/cambridge-english-pronouncing-dictionary-18th-edition)。D.J. 音标目前被各大英语权威词典广泛采用，除了[剑桥英语发音词典](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary)之外，还包括 [牛津词典](https://www.oed.com/)、[朗文当代英语词典](https://www.ldoceonline.com/)、[柯林斯 COBUILD](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english)，等等。
> * The phonetic notation system employed in this tutorial is the D.J. Phonetic transcription, introduced by [Daniel Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) who published his *English Pronouncing Dictionary* (EPD) back in 1917 and continually revised it over many years. Eventually handed over to Cambridge University Press, its name was revamped as the [*Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary) (CEPD). The CEPD rolled out its 15^th^ edition sometime around 1997 with an additional set of symbols for American pronunciations tallied along. Now on par with their [18^th^](https://www.cambridge.org/gb/cambridgeenglish/catalog/dictionaries/cambridge-english-pronouncing-dictionary-18th-edition) outing, this sitely respin of Jone's original framework has been widely adopted amongst major authoritative dictionaries - including but not limited to [Oxford](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary)'s upstanding series or [*Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English*](https://www.ldoceonline.com/) down till [*Collins COBUILD*](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english).
### 1.2.1 元音（Vowels）
英语总计约有 20 个**元音**。
English approximately has 20 *vowels*.
元音可以被分为短元音（*short vowels*）和**长元音**（*long vowels*）；与此同时，它们也可以分为**单元音**（*monophthongs*）和**双元音**（*diphthongs*）。
Vowels can be classified into *long* and *short* vowels, or alternatively, they can also be grouped as *monophthongs* and *diphthongs*.
| Monophthongs | | Diphthongs |
| ------------ | --------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
| Short vowels | `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, `ɒ` | |
| Long vowels | `ɑː`, `æ`, `əː`, `iː`, `uː`, `ɔː` | `aɪ`, `eɪ`, `ɔɪ`, `aʊ`, `oʊ`, `eə`, `ɪə`, `ʊə` |
### 1.2.2 辅音（Consonants）
英文大约 28 个辅音。
English approximately has 28 *consonants*.
| Airflow | Voiced or not | Consonants |
| --------- | ------------- | ----------------------- |
| Plosive | Voiceless | `p`, `t`, `k` |
| | Voiced | `b`, `d`, `g` |
| Fricative | Voiceless | `f`, `s`, `θ`, `ʃ`, `h` |
| | Voiced | `v`, `z`, `ð`, `ʒ`, `r` |
| Affricate | Voiceless | `tʃ`, `tr`, `ts` |
| | Voiced | `dʒ`, `dr`, `dz` |
| Nasal | Voiced | `m`, `n`, `ŋ` |
| Lateral | Voiced | `l` |
| Semivowel | | `j`, `w` |
## 1.3 音节（Syllables）
**英文的词汇由至少一个音节构成**。英文中出现频率最高的几个词，*a/an*, *the*, *of*, *to*, *for*... 等等都是单音节词汇。有的词汇可能很长，由很多音节构成。在英文词典中能找到的最长词汇总计由 19 个音节，45 个字母构成：
**In English, every word is made up of at least one syllable.** The several most commonly used words in the language such as *a/an*, *the*, *of*, *to*, *for*, and others are all monosyllabic. Some words might be quite lengthy containing many syllables. In fact, if you were to flip through an English dictionary, the longest loggerhead you'd find consists whoppingly of 19 syllables with a grand total of forty-five letters:
> *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/En-us-pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.ogg.mp3"></span>
>
> `/ˌnumənəʊˌəltrəˌmaɪkrəˌskɑpɪkˌsɪləkəʊvɑlˌkeɪnəʊˌkəʊniˈəʊsəs/`
英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，`c` 代表辅音，`v` 代表元音）：
In general, there are the following few forms of syllable composition in English (where `c` stands for consonant and `v` means vowel):
* `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/awe-us.mp3"></span>
* `vc`： *add* `/æd/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/add-us.mp3"></span>
* `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/the-us.mp3"></span>
* `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/dog-us.mp3"></span>
* `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flee-us.mp3"></span>
* `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/east-us.mp3"></span>
* `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/task-us.mp3"></span>
* `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/speed-us.mp3"></span>
* `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/thrust-us.mp3"></span>
* `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/text-us.mp3"></span>
* `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flexed-us.mp3"></span>
如果一个单词由多个音节构成的话，那么为了能够读得顺畅、清晰且易于识别，那么其中可能会有某个音节是**重音**；如果音节数量更多，可能还会有某个或某些音节是**次重音**。一般来说，**一个词汇只有一个重音**，**但有可能存在多个次重音**。比如 *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/serendipity-us-jen.mp3"></span>。之前的那个 *19* 个音节构成的词汇，其中有 *7* 个**次重音**，*1* 个**重音**。
When a word is composed of multiple syllables, for smooth and clear pronunciation that's easily recognizable, one syllable may be stressed -- these are called *primary stresses*. If the word has many syllables, it could also have some *secondary stress*. Normally, **a single primary stress exists in each word**, **but there might be several secondary ones** - take the word *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/serendipity-us-jen.mp3"></span>as an example. That whopping 19-syllable-long leviathan we examined before had 7 instances of secondary stressing to accompany its lone instance of primary stressing.

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# 1.1 字母（Alphabet）
英语总计使用 26 个**字母**（*letters*），各有大小写之分。在欧洲语言之中，英语是罕见的不使用**修饰符**（*diacritics*）的文字 —— 所谓修饰符，指的是字母上附加的标记，用以区分发音或者意义，比如，*â*、*é*、*ç*，等等。
Modern English is composed of *26* letters, each with both *uppercase* and *lowercase* forms. English stands out among European languages for not using [diacritics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic), which are special marks added to letters to alter their pronunciation or meaning, such as *â*, *é* or *ç*, etc.
北约（NATO）有一套指称英文字母的系统，用以在仅有语音交流的情况下避免歧义 —— 在军事、航空、紧急救助、无线电或者电话沟通等诸多场合中具备不可或缺作用。
[NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) has a system that uses common words to identify each letter, which is particularly helpful for military and civil aviation, emergency serivces, radio or phone communication, and many others to avoid confusion when spelling out words.
| Letter | Pronunciation | NATO Phonetic Alphabet |
| --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **A** *a* | `/eɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/a-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/a-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Alpha* `/ˈæl.fə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **B** *b* | `/biː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/b-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/b-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Bravo* `/ˈbrɑː.voʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Bravo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Bravo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **C** *c* | `/siː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/c-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/c-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Charlie* `/ˈtʃɑːr.liː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Charlie-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Charlie-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **D** *d* | `/diː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/d-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/d-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Delta* `/ˈdɛl.tə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Delta-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Delta-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **E** *e* | `/iː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/e-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/e-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Echo* `/ˈɛk.oʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Echo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Echo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **F** *f* | `/ɛf/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/f-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/f-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Foxtrot* `/ˈfɔːks.trɒt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Foxtrot-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Foxtrot-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **G** *g* | `/dʒiː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/g-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/g-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Golf* `/ɡɑːf/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Golf-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Golf-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **H** *h* | `/eɪtʃ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/h-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/h-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Hotel* `/hoʊˈtɛl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Hotel-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Hotel-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **I** *i* | `/aɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/i-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/i-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *India* `/ˈɪn.di.ə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/India-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/India-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **J** *j* | `/dʒeɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/j-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/j-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Juliet* `/ˈdʒuːliːˌɛt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Juliet-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Juliet-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **K** *k* | `/keɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/k-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/k-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Kilo* `/ˈkiː.loʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Kilo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Kilo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **L** *l* | `/ɛl/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/l-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/l-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Lima* `/ˈliː.mə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Lima-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Lima-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **M** *m* | `/ɛm/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/m-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/m-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Mike* `/maɪk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Mike-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Mike-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **N** *n* | `/ɛn/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/n-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/n-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *November* `/noʊˈvɛm.bər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/November-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/November-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **O** *o* | `/oʊ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/o-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/o-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Oscar* `/ˈɑːs.kɑːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Oscar-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Oscar-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **P** *p* | `/piː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/p-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/p-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Papa* `/pəˈpɑː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Papa-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Papa-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **Q** *q* | `/kjuː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/q-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/q-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Quebec* `/kəˈbɛk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Quebec-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Quebec-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **R** *r* | `/ɑːr/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/r-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/r-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Romeo* `/ˈroʊ.miːˌoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Romeo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Romeo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **S** *s* | `/ɛs/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/s-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/s-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Sierra* `/siˈɛr.ə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Sierra-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Sierra-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **T** *t* | `/tiː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/t-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/t-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Tango* `/ˈtæŋ.ɡoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Tango-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Tango-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **U** *u* | `/juː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/u-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/u-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Uniform* `/ˈjuː.nɪ.fɔːrm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Uniform-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Uniform-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **V** *v* | `/viː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/v-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/v-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Victor* `/ˈvɪk.tər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Victor-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Victor-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **W** *w* | `/ˈdʌbl̩juː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/w-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/w-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Whiskey* `/ˈwɪs.kiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Whiskey-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Whiskey-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **X** *x* | `/ɛks/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/x-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/x-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *X-ray* `/ˈɛks.reɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/X-ray-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/X-ray-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **Y** *y* | `/waɪ/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/y-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/y-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Yankee* `/ˈjæŋ.kiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Yankee-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Yankee-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
| **Z** *z* | `/ziː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/z-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/z-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Zulu* `/ˈzuː.luː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Zulu-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Zulu-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
在英式英语中，*z* 被读作 `/zed/`。
In British, letter *z* is pronounced as `/zed/`.
> [!Note]
>
> * 合成语音文件使用的是 OpenAI 的 TTS (Text-to-Speech) 和微软的 Edge's TTS。蓝色喇叭图标<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guy.mp3"></span>是男性语音，褐色喇叭图标<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span>是女性语音。
> * The synthesized audio files primarily utilizes OpenAI's TTS (Text-to-Speech) and Microsoft Edge's TTS. The blue speaker icon<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guy.mp3"></span>represents a male voice, whereas the brown speaker icon<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span>signifies a female voice.
> * IPA 音标标注往是通过 OpenAI 的 ChatGPT 生成的，有时可能并不统一，或存在一些错误，需要纠正。
>
> * The IPA ([International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet)) notation used for phonetic transcription is generated by OpenAI's ChatGPT, which may occasionally make mistakes that need to be corrected.

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# 1.2 音素（Phonemes）
在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为**音素**（phonemes）。英语的音素分为**元音**和**辅音**。
In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as *phonemes*. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: *vowels* and *consonants*.
> [!Note]
>
> * 这个教程采用的注音体系是 D.J. 音标。[Daniel Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) 于 1917 年发布 *English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*EPD*, 英语发音词典)，并在其后的多年里反复修订。最终它被剑桥接手，更名为 *Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*CEPD*, 剑桥英语发音词典) 。*CEPD*于 1997 年发布第 *15* 版，增加了一些符号用以同时标注美式发音。目前的 *CEPD* 已经是[第 *18* 版](https://www.cambridge.org/gb/cambridgeenglish/catalog/dictionaries/cambridge-english-pronouncing-dictionary-18th-edition)。D.J. 音标目前被各大英语权威词典广泛采用，除了[剑桥英语发音词典](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary)之外，还包括 [牛津词典](https://www.oed.com/)、[朗文当代英语词典](https://www.ldoceonline.com/)、[柯林斯 COBUILD](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english)，等等。
> * The phonetic notation system employed in this tutorial is the D.J. Phonetic transcription, introduced by [Daniel Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) who published his *English Pronouncing Dictionary* (EPD) back in 1917 and continually revised it over many years. Eventually handed over to Cambridge University Press, its name was revamped as the [*Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary) (CEPD). The CEPD rolled out its 15^th^ edition sometime around 1997 with an additional set of symbols for American pronunciations tallied along. Now on par with their [18^th^](https://www.cambridge.org/gb/cambridgeenglish/catalog/dictionaries/cambridge-english-pronouncing-dictionary-18th-edition) outing, this sitely respin of Jone's original framework has been widely adopted amongst major authoritative dictionaries - including but not limited to [Oxford](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary)'s upstanding series or [*Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English*](https://www.ldoceonline.com/) down till [*Collins COBUILD*](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english).
## 1.2.1 元音（Vowels）
英语总计约有 20 个**元音**。
English approximately has 20 *vowels*.
元音可以被分为短元音（*short vowels*）和**长元音**（*long vowels*）；与此同时，它们也可以分为**单元音**（*monophthongs*）和**双元音**（*diphthongs*）。
Vowels can be classified into *long* and *short* vowels, or alternatively, they can also be grouped as *monophthongs* and *diphthongs*.
| Monophthongs | | Diphthongs |
| ------------ | --------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
| Short vowels | `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, `ɒ` | |
| Long vowels | `ɑː`, `æ`, `əː`, `iː`, `uː`, `ɔː` | `aɪ`, `eɪ`, `ɔɪ`, `aʊ`, `oʊ`, `eə`, `ɪə`, `ʊə` |
## 1.2.2 辅音（Consonants）
英文大约 28 个辅音。
English approximately has 28 *consonants*.
| Airflow | Voiced or not | Consonants |
| --------- | ------------- | ----------------------- |
| Plosive | Voiceless | `p`, `t`, `k` |
| | Voiced | `b`, `d`, `g` |
| Fricative | Voiceless | `f`, `s`, `θ`, `ʃ`, `h` |
| | Voiced | `v`, `z`, `ð`, `ʒ`, `r` |
| Affricate | Voiceless | `tʃ`, `tr`, `ts` |
| | Voiced | `dʒ`, `dr`, `dz` |
| Nasal | Voiced | `m`, `n`, `ŋ` |
| Lateral | Voiced | `l` |
| Semivowel | | `j`, `w` |

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更大的困难来自于我们的大脑机制。随着年龄的增加，大脑会过滤母语中用不到的声音，以便提高语音识别的效率 —— 也恰恰是这一点造成了绝大多数成年人学外语的最大障碍。有些声音我们听不到、听不清楚，有些声音听到了却无法分辨，有些声音被我们自己在不知不觉中替换成了另外的样子…… 应对方式只有一个，集中注意力反复听，反复练 —— 注意力集中才是真正的关键。
An even greater challenge stems from how our brain functions over time: as we age, our minds begin filtering out unnecessary sounds not present in native tongues as noises to enhance linguistic efficiency - which happens also to be a major obstacle for most adults learning foreign languages as some sounds go unheard or indistinct while others get mistakenly replaced unconsciously... The only weapon at hand? Again, *repetition* - repeately listen and practice, with full *attention*, which is another indispensbile key.

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# 3.1.1. 唇形（Lips' shape）
# 3.1.1. 口型（Mouth shape）
人类的语音在最底层是相通的 —— 最明显的例证就是所有的语言都一样，不仅都以元音为核心，并且，都有大致相同的基础元音音素，比如 `ɑ`、`i`、`ʊ`、`e`、`ɔ`…… 日文就恰好只有这五个母音。英文还另外有一个 `ə`；而韩文比英文还要多出一个 `ɤ`（韩文字符为 `ᅳ`） —— 这个音中文也有，比如，在 “思念” 这个词中， “思”（`sī`）的韵母就是这个音。

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When Americans pronounce these sounds, they *often* rhotacize, *but not always*. Beginners tend to overdo it and add a `r` whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing *focus* as `/ˈfəʊkərs/`.
注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 `ə`（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 `ɪ`。比如，*individual*, `ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl`，实际上会被读作 `ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl` —— `jʊ` 也变成了 `ə`，而后 `ʊ` 和 `ə` 之间有个加音 `w`（[2.2.13](https://1000h.org/sounds-of-english/25-jw.html)）…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 `ə`（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 `ɪ`。比如，*individual*, `ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl`，实际上会被读作 `ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl` —— `jʊ` 也变成了 `ə`，而后 `ʊ` 和 `ə` 之间有个加音 `w`…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to `ə` (*schwa*), especially `ɪ`. For instance, *individual* `/ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl/`, is often actually pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` - `jʊ` also becomes `ə`, and there's a added `w` sound between `ʊ` and `ə`… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation.

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# 3.2.1. 辅音的分类（Categorization of Consonants）
# 3.2.1. 辅音分类（Categorization of Consonants）
辅音可以根据发声时**声带**是否震动被分为清辅音（voiceless consonants）与浊辅音（voiced consonants）。清辅音只有气流震动，没有声带振动，而浊辅音的气流震动却伴有声带振动。比如，`s` 是清辅音，`z` 是浊辅音。

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# 1.3 音节（Syllables）
**英文的词汇由至少一个音节构成**。英文中出现频率最高的几个词，*a/an*, *the*, *of*, *to*, *for*... 等等都是单音节词汇。有的词汇可能很长，由很多音节构成。在英文词典中能找到的最长词汇总计由 19 个音节，45 个字母构成：
**In English, every word is made up of at least one syllable.** The several most commonly used words in the language such as *a/an*, *the*, *of*, *to*, *for*, and others are all monosyllabic. Some words might be quite lengthy containing many syllables. In fact, if you were to flip through an English dictionary, the longest loggerhead you'd find consists whoppingly of 19 syllables with a grand total of forty-five letters:
> *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/En-us-pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.ogg.mp3"></span>
>
> `/ˌnumənəʊˌəltrəˌmaɪkrəˌskɑpɪkˌsɪləkəʊvɑlˌkeɪnəʊˌkəʊniˈəʊsəs/`
英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，`c` 代表辅音，`v` 代表元音）：
In general, there are the following few forms of syllable composition in English (where `c` stands for consonant and `v` means vowel):
* `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/awe-us.mp3"></span>
* `vc`： *add* `/æd/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/add-us.mp3"></span>
* `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/the-us.mp3"></span>
* `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/dog-us.mp3"></span>
* `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flee-us.mp3"></span>
* `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/east-us.mp3"></span>
* `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/task-us.mp3"></span>
* `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/speed-us.mp3"></span>
* `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/thrust-us.mp3"></span>
* `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/text-us.mp3"></span>
* `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flexed-us.mp3"></span>
如果一个单词由多个音节构成的话，那么为了能够读得顺畅、清晰且易于识别，那么其中可能会有某个音节是**重音**；如果音节数量更多，可能还会有某个或某些音节是**次重音**。一般来说，**一个词汇只有一个重音**，**但有可能存在多个次重音**。比如 *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/serendipity-us-jen.mp3"></span>。之前的那个 *19* 个音节构成的词汇，其中有 *7* 个**次重音**，*1* 个**重音**。
When a word is composed of multiple syllables, for smooth and clear pronunciation that's easily recognizable, one syllable may be stressed -- these are called *primary stresses*. If the word has many syllables, it could also have some *secondary stress*. Normally, **a single primary stress exists in each word**, **but there might be several secondary ones** - take the word *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/serendipity-us-jen.mp3"></span>as an example. That whopping 19-syllable-long leviathan we examined before had 7 instances of secondary stressing to accompany its lone instance of primary stressing.