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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-basics.md
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@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ English approximately has 28 *consonants*.
| | Voiced | `dʒ`, `dr`, `dz` |
| Nasal | Voiced | `m`, `n`, `ŋ` |
| Lateral | Voiced | `l` |
| Semivowel | Voiced | `j`, `w` |
| Semivowel | | `j`, `w` |
## 1.3 音节（Syllables）

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/13-3.2-consonants.md
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# 3.2. 辅音（Consonants）
地球上的所有语言都一样，在自然语流中，辅音不会单独存在。单独的元音，可以构成音节，也可以构成或者表达意义。比如，*ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`，或者 *O'Oh* `/ˈɑ·oʊ/`。但，辅音必须依附于元音才能构成音节，并且，单独的辅音也不能构成意义。
地球上的所有语言都一样，在自然语流中，**辅音**不会单独存在。单独的**元音**，可以构成**音节**，也可以构成或者表达意义。比如，*ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`，或者 *O'Oh* `/ˈɑ·oʊ/`。但，**辅音**必须依附于**元音**才能构成**音节**，并且，单独的辅音也不能构成意义。
All languages on Earth follow a similar pattern: in the flow of natural speech, consonants never stand alone. Isolated vowels, however, can form syllables and convey meaning. For instance, you have sounds like *ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`, or *O'Oh* `/ˈɑ·oʊ/`. But consonants need to be attached to vowels to form *syllables*, and alone, they don't carry meaning.
All languages on Earth follow a similar pattern: in the flow of natural speech, consonants *never* stand alone. Isolated vowels, however, can form syllables and convey meaning. For instance, you have sounds like *ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`, or *O'Oh* `/ˈɑ·oʊ/`. But consonants need to be attached to vowels to form *syllables*, and alone, they don't carry meaning.

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/14-3.2.1-categorization.md Normal file
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# 3.2.1. 辅音的分类（Categorization of Consonants）
辅音可以根据发声时**声带**是否震动被分为清辅音（voiceless consonants）与浊辅音（voiced consonants）。清辅音只有气流震动，没有声带振动，而浊辅音的气流震动却伴有声带振动。比如，`s` 是清辅音，`z` 是浊辅音。
Consonants can be classified into two categories based on whether or not the vocal cords vibrate when the sound is produced. These two categories are voiceless consonants and voiced consonants. Voiceless consonants are produced solely by the vibration of air flow, without the involvement of the vocal cords. Voiced consonants, on the other hand, are produced by the vibration of both the air flow and the vocal cords. For instance, `s` is a voiceless consonant, while `z` is a voiced consonant.
| | consonants |
| --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| voiceless | `p`, `t`, `k`, `θ`, `s`, `ʃ`, `tʃ`, `ʒ`, `ts` |
| voiced | `b`, `d`, `g`, `l`, `m`, `n`, `ŋ`, `ð`, `v`, `z`, `dʒ`, `dz` |
`w` 和 `y` 这两个辅音被称为半元音 —— 无法用声带振动与否分类。
The consonants `w` and `y` are referred to as semi-vowels - they can't be categorized based on whether the vocal cords vibrate or not.
辅音的另外一个划分，是根据**气流**震动的方式和位置。
Another way to categorize consonants is based on the method and location of airflow vibration.
| Airflow | Voiced or not | Consonants |
| --------- | ------------- | ----------------------- |
| Plosive | Voiceless | `p`, `t`, `k` |
| | Voiced | `b`, `d`, `g` |
| Fricative | Voiceless | `f`, `s`, `θ`, `ʃ`, `h` |
| | Voiced | `v`, `z`, `ð`, `ʒ`, `r` |
| Affricate | Voiceless | `tʃ`, `tr`, `ts` |
| | Voiced | `dʒ`, `dr`, `dz` |
| Nasal | Voiced | `m`, `n`, `ŋ` |
| Lateral | Voiced | `l` |
| Semivowel | | `j`, `w` |
作为初学者，**你无需尝试记忆这些分类和术语** —— 除非将来你有多余的时间精力。这些语言学的概念，并不构成任何学习障碍。你需要了解的只不过是分类的**依据**：**声带振动与否**，以及**气流震动方式和位置**。
As a beginner, **there's no need for you to try and memorize these categories, and terms** — unless you find some extra time and energy in the future. These linguistic concepts won't pose any learning obstacles. What you need to understand are the *criteria* used for classifications: *whether the vocal cords vibrate or not*, as well as *the method and location of airflow vibration*.