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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/12-3.1.8-aɪ-ʊə.md

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-# 3.1.8. aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, əʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə
-
-亚洲语系基本上都没有和英文一样的双元音。韩文日文的母音和中文的韵母虽然都有少数由两个基础音素构成的组合音，但，它们和英文的双元音不同的地方在于，它们都是和其它韵母或者母音等长的，而不是像英文双元音的长度那样几乎是短元音的两倍。
-
-比如，当中国人说 “太累了” 的时候，“太”（tài）这个字的 “韵母” 就很接近英文的双元音 aɪ；“累”（lèi）这个字的韵母就很接近英文的双元音 eɪ…… 但，它们很不一样，英文的双元音就是更长。
-
-英文的双元音，都是两个元音的组合。它们都是从第一个元音滑向第二个元音，所以，它们从长度上来看，相当于是长元音；节奏在感觉上大抵是乐谱里的 “一拍里均放着三个等长音符的三连音”，前一个基础音素更长一些，后一个基础音素相对较短。
-
-在读它们的时候，同样要注意口腔内气流共鸣位置，要尽量靠后，但更为重要的是，要把它们读得足够长 —— 几乎12要占用两个元音的发声时长，并且足够饱满。
-
-亚洲人常常会把所有双元音都读成单元音的长度。不仅如此，他们也常常会不由自主地把很多长元音也读成相应更短的版本。这是因为在亚洲语系往往以字（而不是词）为最小单位，而后，每个字都是单音节，每个音节里的元音（比如，中文中的 “韵母”）都是等长的。
-
-另外，有 3 个双元音里有 ʊ 这个音，aʊ, əʊ, ʊə —— 若是不配合着嘴唇的动作，就读不准它们。而剩下的 5 个双元音，aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, eə, ɪə 都是在嘴唇几乎不动的情况下完成的，全靠喉咙部位的动作。

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/12-3.1.8-aɪ.md

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+# 3.1.8. `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, eə, ɪə, ʊə, aʊ, əʊ`
+
+亚洲语系基本上都没有和英文一样**长度**的**双元音**。韩文日文的母音和中文的韵母虽然都有少数由两个基础音素构成的组合音，但，它们和英文的双元音不同的地方在于，它们都是和其它韵母或者母音**等长**的，而不是像英文双元音的长度那样几乎是短元音的**两倍**。
+
+Essentially, Asian languages don't have *diphthongs* that are as *long* as those in English. Though Korean, Japanese, and Chinese vowels include a few compound sounds made of two basic vowel phonemes, they differ from English diphthongs. In these languages, the compound sounds are the *same length* as other vowels, not almost *double the length* like English diphthongs.
+
+比如，当中国人说 “太累了” 的时候，“太”（`tài`）这个字的 “韵母” 就很接近英文的双元音 `aɪ`；“累”（`lèi`）这个字的韵母就很接近英文的双元音 `eɪ`…… 但，它们很不一样，英文的双元音就是相对更长。
+
+For instance, when Chinese say *too tired* or "太累了," the syllable `tài` has a vowel sound that closely resembles the English diphthong `aɪ`, and the vowel in `lèi` mimics the English diphthong `eɪ`. Despite these similarities, they're not identical - English diphthongs tend to be *longer* in duration.
+
+英文的双元音，都是两个元音的组合。它们都是从第一个元音**滑**向第二个元音，所以，它们从长度上来看，相当于是长元音；**节奏**在感觉上大抵是乐谱里的 “一拍里均放着三个等长音符的三连音”，前一个音素更长一些，后一个音素相对较短。
+
+In English, diphthongs are a combination of two vowel sounds. They *glide* from the first vowel to the second, making them similar in length to long vowels. In terms of *rhythm*, you can think of them like a triplet in music, where three notes of equal length fit within one beat. The first sound tends to be slightly longer, while the second sound is a bit shorter.
+
+读 `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ` 的时候，唇形分别从 `ɑ, e, ɔ` 开始，唇形保持不变，用喉咙完成从其实元音到 `ɪ` 的过度。
+
+When pronouncing the sounds `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ`, begin with the mouth shapes for `ɑ, e, ɔ` respectively. Keep lips in the same position and use throat to glide from the initial vowel sound to `ɪ`.
+
+![vowels-mouth-shape-aɪ](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-aɪ.svg)
+
+读 `eə, ɪə, ʊə` 的时候，也一样，唇形分别从 `e, ɪ, ʊ` 开始，唇形保持不变，用喉咙完成从其实元音到 `ə` 的过度。美音会儿化这个 `ə`，所以是 `eər, ɪər, ʊər`，或者干脆写成 `er, ɪr, ʊr`。
+
+When pronouncing `eə, ɪə, ʊə`, it's the same process. Start with the mouth shapes for `e, ɪ, ʊ`, keep lips steady, and use your throat to glide from the initial vowel to `ə`. Americans  tend to *rhotacize* (add an `r` sound to) this `ə`, so it becomes `eər, ɪər, ʊər`. Alternatively, they are written as `er, ɪr, ʊr`.
+
+![vowels-mouth-shape-eə](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-eə.svg)
+
+读 `aʊ, əʊ` 的时候，唇形有变化，要分别从 `ɑ, ə` 开始，而后过度到 `ʊ`。
+
+![vowels-mouth-shape-aʊ](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-aʊ.svg)
+
+When pronouncing the sounds `aʊ, əʊ`, mouth shape should *change*. Start with the sounds `ɑ, ə` respectively, then glide towards the `ʊ` sound.
+
+在读它们的时候，重要的是，要把它们读得**足够长** —— 几乎要占用两个元音的发声时长，并且足够饱满。
+
+When pronouncing them, it's crucial to draw out the sounds - because they're taking the duration of two vowels - and make sure they are full and rich.

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/13-3.2-consonants.md

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+# 3.2. 辅音（Consonants）
+
+地球上的所有语言都一样，在自然语流中，辅音不会单独存在。单独的元音，可以构成音节，也可以构成或者表达意义。比如，*ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`，或者 *O'Oh* `/ˈɑ·oʊ/`。但，辅音必须依附于元音才能构成音节，并且，单独的辅音也不能构成意义。
+
+All languages on Earth follow a similar pattern: in the flow of natural speech, consonants never stand alone. Isolated vowels, however, can form syllables and convey meaning. For instance, you have sounds like *ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`, or *O'Oh* `/ˈɑ·oʊ/`. But consonants need to be attached to vowels to form *syllables*, and alone, they don't carry meaning.

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/8-3.1.4-ə.md

@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ When Americans pronounce these sounds, they *often* rhotacize, *but not always*.
 
 注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 `ə`（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 `ɪ`。比如，*individual*, `ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl`，实际上会被读作 `ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl` —— `jʊ` 也变成了 `ə`，而后 `ʊ` 和 `ə` 之间有个加音 `w`（[2.2.13](https://1000h.org/sounds-of-english/25-jw.html)）…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
 
-Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to `ə` (*schwa*), especially `ɪ`. For instance, *individual*  `/ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl/`, is often actually pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` - `jʊ` also becomes `ə`, and there's a added `w` sound between `ʊ` and `ə`… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation.
+Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to `ə` (*schwa*), especially `ɪ`. For instance, *individual*  `/ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl/`, is often actually pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` - `jʊ` also becomes `ə`, and there's a added `w` sound between `ʊ` and `ə`… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation.