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+# 1.2 音素（Phonemes）
+
+在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为**音素**（phonemes）。英语的音素分为**元音**和**辅音**。
+
+In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as *phonemes*. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: *vowels* and *consonants*.
+
+> [!Note]
+>
+> * 这个教程采用的注音体系是 D.J. 音标。[Daniel Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) 于 1917 年发布 *English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*EPD*, 英语发音词典)，并在其后的多年里反复修订。最终它被剑桥接手，更名为 *Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*CEPD*, 剑桥英语发音词典) 。*CEPD*于 1997 年发布第 *15* 版，增加了一些符号用以同时标注美式发音。目前的 *CEPD* 已经是[第 *18* 版](https://www.cambridge.org/gb/cambridgeenglish/catalog/dictionaries/cambridge-english-pronouncing-dictionary-18th-edition)。D.J. 音标目前被各大英语权威词典广泛采用，除了[剑桥英语发音词典](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary)之外，还包括 [牛津词典](https://www.oed.com/)、[朗文当代英语词典](https://www.ldoceonline.com/)、[柯林斯 COBUILD](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english)，等等。
+> * The phonetic notation system employed in this tutorial is the D.J. Phonetic transcription, introduced by [Daniel Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) who published his *English Pronouncing Dictionary* (EPD) back in 1917 and continually revised it over many years. Eventually handed over to Cambridge University Press, its name was revamped as the [*Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary) (CEPD). The CEPD rolled out its 15^th^ edition sometime around 1997 with an additional set of symbols for American pronunciations tallied along. Now on par with their [18^th^](https://www.cambridge.org/gb/cambridgeenglish/catalog/dictionaries/cambridge-english-pronouncing-dictionary-18th-edition) outing, this sitely respin of Jone's original framework has been widely adopted amongst major authoritative dictionaries - including but not limited to [Oxford](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary)'s upstanding series or [*Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English*](https://www.ldoceonline.com/) down till [*Collins COBUILD*](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english).
+
+## 1.2.1 元音（Vowels）
+
+英语总计约有 20 个**元音**。
+
+English approximately has 20 *vowels*.
+
+元音可以被分为短元音（*short vowels*）和**长元音**（*long vowels*）；与此同时，它们也可以分为**单元音**（*monophthongs*）和**双元音**（*diphthongs*）。
+
+Vowels can be classified into *long* and *short* vowels, or alternatively, they can also be grouped as *monophthongs* and *diphthongs*.
+
+| Monophthongs |                                   | Diphthongs                                     |
+| ------------ | --------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
+| Short vowels | `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, `ɒ`      |                                                |
+| Long vowels  | `ɑː`, `æ`, `əː`, `iː`, `uː`, `ɔː` | `aɪ`, `eɪ`, `ɔɪ`, `aʊ`, `oʊ`, `eə`, `ɪə`, `ʊə` |
+
+## 1.2.2 辅音（Consonants）
+
+英文大约 28 个辅音。
+
+English approximately has 28 *consonants*.
+
+| Airflow   | Voiced or not | Consonants              |
+| --------- | ------------- | ----------------------- |
+| Plosive   | Voiceless     | `p`, `t`, `k`           |
+|           | Voiced        | `b`, `d`, `g`           |
+| Fricative | Voiceless     | `f`, `s`, `θ`, `ʃ`, `h` |
+|           | Voiced        | `v`, `z`, `ð`, `ʒ`, `r` |
+| Affricate | Voiceless     | `tʃ`, `tr`, `ts`        |
+|           | Voiced        | `dʒ`, `dr`, `dz`        |
+| Nasal     | Voiced        | `m`, `n`, `ŋ`           |
+| Lateral   | Voiced        | `l`                     |
+| Semivowel |               | `j`, `w`                |