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Consonants can be classified into two categories based on whether or not the vocal cords vibrate when the sound is produced. These two categories are voiceless consonants and voiced consonants. Voiceless consonants are produced solely by the vibration of air flow, without the involvement of the vocal cords. Voiced consonants, on the other hand, are produced by the vibration of both the air flow and the vocal cords. For instance, `s` is a voiceless consonant, while `z` is a voiced consonant.
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| | consonants |
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| --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| voiceless | `p`, `t`, `k`, `θ`, `s`, `ʃ`, `tʃ`, `ʒ`, `ts` |
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| voiced | `b`, `d`, `g`, `l`, `m`, `n`, `ŋ`, `ð`, `v`, `z`, `dʒ`, `dz` |
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| | consonants |
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| --------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| voiceless | `p`, `t`, `k`, `f`, `s`, `θ`, `ʃ`, `h`, `tʃ`, `tr`, `ts` |
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| voiced | `b`, `d`, `g`, `v`, `z`, `ð`, `ʒ`, `r`, `dʒ`, `dr`, `dz`, `m`, `n`, `ŋ`, `l` |
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`w` 和 `y` 这两个辅音被称为半元音 —— 无法用声带振动与否分类。
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