lostecho/everyone-can-use-english
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

08-19-1558, chapter 3.2.11

Browse Source
This commit is contained in:
xiaolai
2024-08-19 15:58:41 +08:00
parent 0fd14b475a
commit 43bf184886
156 changed files with 434 additions and 201 deletions
Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

12
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md
View File

@@ -340,6 +340,18 @@
<td><b>dr</b>y <span class="pho alt">draɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dry-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dry-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_cats.mp3"></span></td>
<td>ca<b>ts</b> <span class="pho alt">kæts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/cats-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/cats-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_cats.mp3"></span></td>
<td>ca<b>ts</b> <span class="pho alt">kæts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cats-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cats-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">dz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_kids.mp3"></span></td>
<td>ki<b>ds</b> <span class="pho alt">kɪdz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/kids-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/kids-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">dz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_kids.mp3"></span></td>
<td>ki<b>ds</b> <span class="pho alt">kɪdz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/kids-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/kids-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">m</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_moon_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>m</b>oon <span class="pho alt">muːn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/moon-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/moon-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">m</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_moon_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>

25
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-trdr.md
View File

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
# 2.2.11. <span class="pho">tr/dr</span>
<span class="pho">tr/dr</span> 和 <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 不一样的地方在于，虽然发声时舌尖起始位置相同，但，<span class="pho">tr, dr</span> 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 <span class="pho">w</span>，*tree* <span class="pho">/triː</span>/ 听起来是 <span class="pho alt">tʃwiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tree-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/tree-uk.mp3"></span>，*dry* <span class="pho alt">draɪ</span> 听起来是 <span class="pho alt">dʒwaɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dry-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/dry-uk.mp3"></span>。
The difference between the sounds <span class="pho">tr, dr</span> and <span class="pho">tʃ, dʒ</span> lies in the way they are pronounced. Although the initial tongue position is the same for both sets of sounds, with <span class="pho">tr, dr</span>, there's a slight rounding of the lips before voicing. As a result, the starting syllables often sound as if there's a <span class="pho">w</span> blended in. So, the word *tree* <span class="pho alt">triː</span> can sound like <span class="pho alt">tʃwiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tree-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/tree-uk.mp3"></span>, and *dry* <span class="pho alt">draɪ</span> can sound like <span class="pho alt">dʒwaɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dry-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/dry-uk.mp3"></span>.
很多地区的人基于自身母语的习惯，会把 <span class="pho">tr</span> 和 <span class="pho">dr</span> 分开着连续读出的。比如，*tree*，印度人可能会把它读成 <span class="pho alt">tɤ.riː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/tree-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 <span class="pho">t</span> 干脆读成 <span class="pho">d</span>，并且 <span class="pho">r</span> 还会用齿龈颤音；再比如，*driver*，可能会被俄罗斯人读成 <span class="pho alt">dɤ.raɪvə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/driver-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 <span class="pho">r</span> 同样会用齿龈颤音。
People from many regions, guided by the habits of their native languages, may pronounce <span class="pho">tr</span> and <span class="pho">dr</span> as separate, continuous sounds. For instance, someone from India might pronounce *tree* as <span class="pho alt">tɤ.riː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/tree-ru-ru.mp3"></span>, with the <span class="pho">t</span> articulated as <span class="pho">d</span>, and the <span class="pho">r</span> as a [*voiced alveolar trill*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills). Similarly, the word *driver* might be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">dɤ.raɪvə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/driver-ru-ru.mp3"></span> by a Russian speaker, again using a voiced alveolar trill for the <span class="pho">r</span>.
## 拼写（Spellings）
### <span class="pho">tr</span>
* **tr**
* track <span class="pho alt">træk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/track-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/track-us-female.mp3"></span>
* tree <span class="pho alt">triː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tree-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tree-us-female.mp3"></span>
* trick <span class="pho alt">trɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/trick-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/trick-us-female.mp3"></span>
### <span class="pho">dr</span>
* **dr**
* drive <span class="pho alt">draɪv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/drive-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/drive-us-female.mp3"></span>
* dream <span class="pho alt">driːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dream-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dream-us-female.mp3"></span>
* drink <span class="pho alt">drɪŋk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/drink-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/drink-us-female.mp3"></span>

66
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-tsdz.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
# 3.2.10. <span class="pho">ts</span>/<span class="pho">dz</span>
《剑桥英语发声词典》的 Pronunciation symbols 中没有收录 <span class="pho">tr</span> 和 <span class="pho">dr</span>。
## 3.2.10.1. 示例
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D.J.</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
<td>IPA</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_cats.mp3"></span></td>
<td>ca<b>ts</b> <span class="pho alt">kæts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/cats-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/cats-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_cats.mp3"></span></td>
<td>ca<b>ts</b> <span class="pho alt">kæts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cats-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cats-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">dz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_kids.mp3"></span></td>
<td>ki<b>ds</b> <span class="pho alt">kɪdz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/kids-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/kids-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">dz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_kids.mp3"></span></td>
<td>ki<b>ds</b> <span class="pho alt">kɪdz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/kids-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/kids-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## 3.2.10.2. 舌尖起始位置
<span class="pho">ts/dz</span> 和 <span class="pho">s/z</span> 不一样的地方在于发声时舌尖起始位置，<span class="pho">s/z</span> 舌尖起始位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处（位置 ②）；但，<span class="pho">ts/dz</span> 的舌尖要再往后一点，和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 发声时舌尖起始位置一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位（位置 ③）之后开始发声。
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg"></img></td>
<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-td.svg"></img></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
可以用 *students* <span class="pho alt">ˈstudənts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/students-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词反复体会 <span class="pho">s</span>、<span class="pho">d</span>、<span class="pho">ts</span> 的舌尖位置（注意，开头的 <span class="pho">st</span> 会被读成 <span class="pho">sd</span>）……
<span class="pho">ts</span> 和 <span class="pho">s</span> 从音质上来看就很不一样，但，<span class="pho">dz</span> 和 <span class="pho">z</span>，即便是母语使用者，也很难听出区别 —— 他们只是习惯了用不同的舌尖起始位置发声而已。
## 3.2.10.3. 拼写（Spellings）
### <span class="pho">ts</span>
* **ts**
* clients <span class="pho alt">ˈklaɪ.ənts</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/clients-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/clients-us-female.mp3"></span>
* students <span class="pho alt">ˈstuː.dənts</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/students-us-female.mp3"></span>
* treats <span class="pho alt">triːts</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/treats-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/treats-us-female.mp3"></span>
### <span class="pho">dz</span>
* **ds**
* deeds <span class="pho alt">diːdz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/deeds-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/deeds-us-female.mp3"></span>
* records <span class="pho alt">rɪˈkɔːrdz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/records-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/records-us-female.mp3"></span>
* words <span class="pho alt">wɝːdz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/words-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/words-us-female.mp3"></span>

54
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-mnŋ.md → 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-mnŋ.md
View File

@@ -1,27 +1,59 @@
# 2.2.13. <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>, <span class="pho">ŋ</span>
# 3.2.11. <span class="pho">m</span>/<span class="pho">n</span>/<span class="pho">ŋ</span>
<span class="pho">m</span> 和 <span class="pho">n</span> 处于音节开头时，没有人会觉得困难。尤其是 <span class="pho">m</span>…… 因为它也许是人类学会说的第一个辅音；于此同时，<span class="pho">ɑ</span> 永远是人类学会的第一个元音，所以大家都用 <span class="pho">mɑ</span> 称呼自己的母亲。
## 3.2.11.1. 示例
When <span class="pho">m</span> and <span class="pho">n</span> are at the beginning of a syllable, no one finds it challenging. Especially <span class="pho">m</span>, since it might be the first consonant humans learn to utter. At the same time, <span class="pho">ɑ</span> is always the first vowel humans learn, which is why <span class="pho">mɑ</span> is a universal sound for *mother*.
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D.J.</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
<td>IPA</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">m</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_moon_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>m</b>oon <span class="pho alt">muːn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/moon-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/moon-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">m</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_moon_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>m</b>oon <span class="pho alt">muːn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/moon-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/moon-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">n</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_name_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>n</b>ose <span class="pho alt">nəʊz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/nose-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/nose-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">n</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_name_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>n</b>ose <span class="pho alt">noʊz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nose-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nose-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_sing_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>th</b>ank <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/thank-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/thank-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_sing_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>th</b>ank <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thank-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thank-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## 3.2.11.2. 没有 <span class="pho">ʊ</span>
<span class="pho">m</span> 和 <span class="pho">n</span> 处于音节开头时，没有人会觉得困难。尤其是 <span class="pho">m</span>…… 因为它也许是人类学会说的第一个辅音；于此同时，<span class="pho">ɑ</span> 永远是人类学会的第一个元音，所以大家都用 <span class="pho">mɑ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ma-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ma-us-female.mp3"></span> 称呼自己的母亲。
<span class="pho">ŋ</span> 处于其它元音之后对所有人来说也同样不构成困难，因为英文中最常用的不过是 <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> 而已……
Similarly, everyone finds it easy to pronounce <span class="pho">ŋ</span> after other vowels. This isn't surprising, given that <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> is the most commonly used sounds in English.
麻烦在于 <span class="pho">m</span> 处于音节末尾的时候。很多人会不由自主地额外加上一个 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音，这是一个嘴唇的多余动作产生的结果。比如，把 *room* <span class="pho alt">ruːm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/room-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/room-us-female.mp3"></span> 读成 <span class="pho alt">ruːmʊ</span>。
麻烦在于 <span class="pho">m</span> 处于音节末尾的时候。很多人会不由自主地额外加上一个 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音，这是一个嘴唇的多余动作产生的结果。比如，把 *room* <span class="pho alt">ruːm</span> 读成 <span class="pho alt">ruːmʊ</span>。
The tricky part comes when <span class="pho">m</span> is at the end of a syllable. A lot of people have an involuntary habit of adding an extra <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound, which results from an unnecessary lips' movement. For instance, they might pronounce *room* as <span class="pho alt">ruːmʊ</span>, instead of <span class="pho alt">ruːm</span>.
## 3.2.11.3. 音变
当 <span class="pho">m/n</span> 处于 <span class="pho">f/v</span> 之前的时候，发音都会发生变化 —— 这是因为 <span class="pho">f/v</span> 的发声动作，需要上牙与下唇接触。
When <span class="pho">m/n</span> precedes <span class="pho">f/v</span>, their pronunciation changes - this is because the vocalization of <span class="pho">f/v</span> requires the upper teeth to touch the lower lip.
> * <span class="pho">m + f/v</span> = <span class="pho">n + f/v</span>, *comfort* <span class="pho alt">ˈkəmfərt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˈkənfərt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * <span class="pho">n + f/v</span> = <span class="pho">ŋ + f/v</span>, *conversation* <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑŋvərˈseɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/conversation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/conversation-us-female.mp3"></span>
另外，当 <span class="pho">æ</span> 在 <span class="pho">m</span> 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 <span class="pho">ə</span> 进去，比如，Sam <span class="pho alt">sæm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sam-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sam-us-female.mp3"></span>，会被他们读成 <span class="pho alt">sæəm</span>。
## 3.2.11.4. 加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>
当 <span class="pho">æ</span> 在 <span class="pho">m</span> 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 进去，比如，Sam <span class="pho alt">sæm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sam-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sam-us-female.mp3"></span>，会被他们读成 <span class="pho alt">sæᵊm</span> —— 也有一定道理，因为 <span class="pho">m</span> 的确是音节辅音。
Additionally, when the vowel sound <span class="pho">æ</span> comes before <span class="pho">m</span>, some native speakers add an extra <span class="pho">ə</span> sound. For example, *Sam* <span class="pho alt">sæm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sam-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sam-us-female.mp3"></span> can sometimes be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">sæəm</span>.
## 拼写（Spellings）

27
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-tsdz.md
View File

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
# 2.2.12. <span class="pho">ts/dz</span>
<span class="pho">ts/dz</span> 和 <span class="pho">s/z</span> 不一样的地方在于发声时舌尖起始位置，<span class="pho">s/z</span> 舌尖起始位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处；但，<span class="pho">ts/dz</span> 的舌尖要再往后一点，和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 发声时舌尖起始位置一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位之后开始发声。
The difference between <span class="pho">ts/dz</span> and <span class="pho">s/z</span> lies in the initial tongue position during pronunciation. For <span class="pho">s/z</span>, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* of the teeth and gums. However, for <span class="pho">ts/dz</span>, the tongue tip is a bit further back, identical to the initial position when pronouncing <span class="pho">t/d</span>. It starts pronouncing from that spot of the *alveolar ridge*.
![articulator-tongue-tip-td](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-td.svg)
可以用 *students* <span class="pho alt">ˈstudənts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/students-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词反复体会 <span class="pho">s</span>、<span class="pho">d</span>、<span class="pho">ts</span> 的舌尖位置（注意，开头的 <span class="pho">st</span> 会被读成 <span class="pho">sd</span>）……
The word *students* <span class="pho alt">ˈstudənts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/students-us-female.mp3"></span> can be repeatedly pronounced to understand the tongue positions for <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, and <span class="pho">ts</span> (note that the initial <span class="pho">st</span> is pronounced like <span class="pho">sd</span>).
## 拼写（Spellings）
### <span class="pho">ts</span>
* **ts**
* clients <span class="pho alt">ˈklaɪ.ənts</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/clients-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/clients-us-female.mp3"></span>
* students <span class="pho alt">ˈstuː.dənts</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/students-us-female.mp3"></span>
* treats <span class="pho alt">triːts</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/treats-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/treats-us-female.mp3"></span>
### <span class="pho">dz</span>
* **ds**
* deeds <span class="pho alt">diːdz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/deeds-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/deeds-us-female.mp3"></span>
* records <span class="pho alt">rɪˈkɔːrdz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/records-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/records-us-female.mp3"></span>
* words <span class="pho alt">wɝːdz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/words-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/words-us-female.mp3"></span>

0
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-lr.md → 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-lr.md
View File

0
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-wj.md → 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-wj.md
View File

0
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-h.md → 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-h.md
View File

69
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ.md
View File

@@ -1,41 +1,58 @@
# 2.2.8. <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>
# 3.2.7. <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>
<span class="pho">ʃ</span> 对很多人来说也许难度并不大，然而，<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 却可能非常难。再一次，关键在于发声时舌尖的起始位置 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）
## 3.2.7.1. 示例
The pronunciation of <span class="pho">ʃ</span> may not pose much of a challenge for many people, yet <span class="pho">ʒ</span> can be extremely tough. Once again, the key lies in the initial position of the tongue tip when making the sound, i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D.J.</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
<td>IPA</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ʃ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_she_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>sh</b>ore <span class="pho alt">ʃɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/shore-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/shore-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ʃ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_she_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>sh</b>ore <span class="pho alt">ʃɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/shore-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/shore-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_vision_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>vi<b>s</b>ion <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪʒ.ən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/vision-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/vision-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_vision_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>vi<b>s</b>ion <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪʒ.ən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/vision-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/vision-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
![articulator-tongue-tip-sh](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-sh.svg)
## 3.2.7.2. 舌尖起始位置
比较一下以下的辅音：
再一次，关键在于发声时舌尖的起始位置，龈脊附近 —— 即，位置 ③。
Let's compare following consonants:
<span class="pho">ʃ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 都是舌尖起始位置**接近但没有接触**龈脊（位置 ③）。
> * <span class="pho">t/d</span> 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊的前部 ③；
> * For <span class="pho">t/d</span>, the tongue tip begins at the front part of *alveolar ridge* ③;
> * <span class="pho">s/z</span> 要相对于 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 往前一些，贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 ②；
> * For <span class="pho">s/z</span>, it's closer to the front compared to <span class="pho">t/d</span>, near but not touching the *seam* between the teeth and gums ②;
> * <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> 要相对于 <span class="pho">s/z</span>再往前一些，贴在牙齿上，或者伸出牙齿一点点 ①；
> * For <span class="pho">θ/ð</span>, it's even more forward than <span class="pho">s/z</span>, resting on the *teeth*, or protruding a bit ①;
> * <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样，贴近但没有接触到龈脊的那个部位 ③；
> * For <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>, it's almost same as <span class="pho">t/d</span>, near but not touching the part of the *alveolar ridge* ③;
> * <span class="pho">r</span> 相对于 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 还要再往后一点，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ④……
> * For <span class="pho">r</span>, it's further back than <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>, touching the part of the *alveolar ridge* ④...
<span class="pho">ʃ</span> 对很多人来说也许难度并不大，因为 <span class="pho">ʃ</span> 的舌尖起始位置其实和汉语拼音的 <span class="pho">[sh]</span> 是一样的。
![articulator-tongue-tip-positions](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg)
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg"></img></td>
<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-sh.svg"></img></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
除了英语之外，大多语言里没有 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 这个辅音。即便是在英语里，含有这个辅音的词汇也很少，常见的不过几十个而已。
然而，<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 却可能非常难 —— 虽然它其实只不过是 <span class="pho">ʃ</span> 这个清辅音的浊辅音版本。舌尖起始位置相同，清辅音 <span class="pho">ʃ</span> 没有声带振动，而浊辅音 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 有声带振动。
Apart from English, most languages do not have the <span class="pho">ʒ</span> consonant. Even in English, there are only a handful of words that contain this sound.
中国学生会不由自主地用 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 替代 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> —— 因为 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 是一个他们熟悉的辅音，相当于中文拼音中的 <span class="pho">zh</span>。<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 的区别在于，<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊；而 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 发声时起始的舌尖贴在龈脊（与 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 同一个位置 ③）。
Chinese students tend to instinctively substitute <span class="pho">ʒ</span> with <span class="pho">dʒ</span> - a consonant they're familiar with, equivalent to the <span class="pho">zh</span> in Chinese Pinyin. The difference between <span class="pho">ʒ</span> and <span class="pho">dʒ</span> is that, when pronouncing <span class="pho">ʒ</span>, the tip of the tongue is close to but not touching the the *alveolar ridge* while for <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, the tongue tip starts at the the *alveolar ridge* (same position as <span class="pho">ʒ</span> ③).
除了英语之外，大多语言里没有 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 这个辅音。即便是在英语里，含有这个辅音的词汇也很少，常见的不过几十个而已。中国学生会不由自主地用 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 替代 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> —— 因为 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 是一个他们熟悉的辅音，相当于中文拼音中的 <span class="pho">zh</span>。<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 的区别在于，<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 发声时**舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊**；而 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 发声时起始的舌尖贴在龈脊（与 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 同一个位置 ③）。
少数人知道 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 替代 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 不是一回事，但，由于舌尖起始位置并不准确，所以他们说出来的 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 听起来更接近 <span class="pho">r</span> —— 舌尖缩得过头了 —— <span class="pho">r</span> ④ 发声时舌尖起始位置相对于 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> ③ 要更靠后一点。
A few understand that substituting <span class="pho">dʒ</span> for <span class="pho">ʒ</span> isn't accurate. However, because their tongue tip positioning isn't precise, their <span class="pho">ʒ</span> sound often ends up sounding more like <span class="pho">r</span> - they retract their tongue tip too far - <span class="pho">r</span> ④ is pronounced with the tongue tip further back compared to <span class="pho">ʒ</span> ③ .
## 拼写（Spellings）
## 3.2.7.3. 拼写（Spellings）
### <span class="pho">ʃ</span>

61
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-tʃdʒ.md → 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-tʃdʒ.md
View File

@@ -1,21 +1,68 @@
# 2.2.10. <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span>
# 3.2.8. <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span>
<span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊，<span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 则需要舌尖贴到龈脊，和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样；但，无论是 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 还是 <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 发声时舌背都抬得较高，舌尾抵到后牙。
## 3.2.8.1. 示例
When pronouncing <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>, the tip of your tongue should be close to, but not touching, the alveolar ridge. For <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span>, however, you need to touch the alveolar ridge with your tongue tip, same as when pronouncing <span class="pho">t/d</span>. However, when pronouncing either the sounds <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> or <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span>, the tongue roof should arch higher in the mouth, with the back of it touching back teeth.
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D.J.</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
<td>IPA</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">tʃ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_cheese_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>ch</b>eck <span class="pho alt">tʃek</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/check-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/check-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">tʃ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_cheese_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>ch</b>eck <span class="pho alt">tʃek</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/check-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/check-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">dʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_jump_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>j</b>et <span class="pho alt">dʒet</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/jet-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/jet-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">dʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_jump_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>j</b>et <span class="pho alt">dʒet</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/jet-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/jet-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
![articulator-tongue-tip-td](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-chzh.svg)
## 3.2.8.2. 舌尖起始位置
<span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊，<span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 则需要舌尖贴到龈脊（位置 ③），和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样；但，无论是 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 还是 <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 发声时舌背后部都抬得较高，舍的两侧抵到后牙。
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg"></img></td>
<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-chzh.svg"></img></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
为了让舌尖适应那个部位，不妨反复练习：
To get your tongue used to this position, it's a good idea to practice repeatedly:
> * <span class="pho">ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ...</span>
> * <span class="pho">ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ...</span>
> * <span class="pho">ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ...</span>
> * <span class="pho">tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ...</span>
## 拼写（Spellings）
## 3.2.8.3.多个舌尖起始位置比较
比较一下以下的辅音发声时**舌尖起始位置**的不同：
![articulator-tongue-tip-positions](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg)
> * <span class="pho">t/d</span> 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊的前部 ③；
> * <span class="pho">s/z</span> 要相对于 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 往前一些，贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 ②；
> * <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> 要相对于 <span class="pho">s/z</span>再往前一些，贴在牙齿上，或者伸出牙齿一点点 ①；
> * <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样，接近但没有接触到龈脊的那个部位 ③；
> * <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ③；
> * <span class="pho">r</span> 相对于 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 还要再往后一点，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ④……
## 3.2.8.4. 拼写（Spellings）
### <span class="pho">ʧ</span>

63
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-trdr.md Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
# 3.2.9. <span class="pho">tr</span>/<span class="pho">dr</span>
不知道为什么《剑桥英语发声词典》的 Pronunciation symbols 中并没有收录 <span class="pho">tr</span> 和 <span class="pho">dr</span>。
## 3.2.9.1. 示例
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D.J.</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
<td>IPA</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">tr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_tra_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>tr</b>ee <span class="pho alt">triː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/tree-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/tree-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">tr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_tra_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>tr</b>ee <span class="pho alt">triː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tree-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tree-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">dr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_dra_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>dr</b>y <span class="pho alt">draɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/dry-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/dry-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">dr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_dra_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>dr</b>y <span class="pho alt">draɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dry-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dry-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## 3.2.9.2. 舌尖起始位置
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg"></img></td>
<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-trdr.svg"></img></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
虽然发声时舌尖起始位置相同，但，<span class="pho">tr</span>/<span class="pho">dr</span> 与 <span class="pho">tʃ</span>/<span class="pho">dʒ</span> 不一样的地方在于，<span class="pho">tr</span>/<span class="pho">dr</span> 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 <span class="pho">ʷ</span>，*tree* <span class="pho">/triː</span>/ 听起来是 <span class="pho alt">tʃʷiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tree-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tree-us-female.mp3"></span>，*dry* <span class="pho alt">draɪ</span> 听起来是 <span class="pho alt">dʒʷaɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dry-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dry-us-female.mp3"></span>。
很多地区的人基于自身母语的习惯，会把 <span class="pho">tr</span> 和 <span class="pho">dr</span> 分开着连续读出的。比如，*tree*，印度人可能会把它读成 <span class="pho alt">tɤ.riː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/tree-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 <span class="pho">t</span> 干脆读成 <span class="pho">d</span>，并且 <span class="pho">r</span> 还会用齿龈颤音；再比如，*driver*，可能会被俄罗斯人读成 <span class="pho alt">dɤ.raɪvə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/driver-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 <span class="pho">r</span> 同样会用齿龈颤音。
## 3.2.9.3. 拼写（Spellings）
### <span class="pho">tr</span>
* **tr**
* track <span class="pho alt">træk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/track-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/track-us-female.mp3"></span>
* tree <span class="pho alt">triː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tree-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tree-us-female.mp3"></span>
* trick <span class="pho alt">trɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/trick-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/trick-us-female.mp3"></span>
### <span class="pho">dr</span>
* **dr**
* drive <span class="pho alt">draɪv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/drive-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/drive-us-female.mp3"></span>
* dream <span class="pho alt">driːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dream-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dream-us-female.mp3"></span>
* drink <span class="pho alt">drɪŋk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/drink-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/drink-us-female.mp3"></span>