08-21-2048, chapter 4.4-linking
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@@ -1,133 +1,128 @@
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# 4.1 句子
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# 4.4. 连接
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一句话由一个或者多个词汇构成 —— 当一句话由多个词汇构成的时候,有个重要的现象:
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一个**意群**内可能有若干个**单词**,而每个单词都由至少一个音节构成 —— 于是,一连串的音节之间,可能会构成单独朗读时不存在的连接。
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> * 有些词会被**强读**(***accented** form*)
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> * 有些词会被**弱读**(***weak** form*)
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相邻的两个词之间,可能产生的连接通常有以下三种:
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即,不是每个词都是以同样的方式读出来的。
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> 1. 辅音 + 元音
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> 2. 辅音 + 辅音
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> 3. 元音 + 元音
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仔细听听以下例句:
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## 4.4.1 辅音 + 元音(Consonant + Vowel)
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> **TEXT**:
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> * The art of focus in our whirlwind existence can sometimes feel like searching for a needle in a haystack.
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> * The <span class="pho alt">ðɪ</span> art <span class="pho alt">ˈɑːrt</span> of <span class="pho alt">ɒv</span> focus <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkəs</span> in <span class="pho alt">ɪn</span> our <span class="pho alt">ˌaʊɚ</span> whirlwind <span class="pho alt">ˈwɝːlwɪnd</span> existence <span class="pho alt">ˈɪɡzɪstəns</span> can <span class="pho alt">kæn</span> sometimes <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌmtaɪmz</span> feel <span class="pho alt">ˈfiːl</span> like <span class="pho alt">ˈlaɪk</span> searching <span class="pho alt">ˈsɝːtʃɪŋ</span> for <span class="pho alt">fɔːr</span> a <span class="pho alt">ə</span> needle <span class="pho alt">ˈniːdəl</span> in <span class="pho alt">ɪn</span> a <span class="pho alt">ə</span> haystack <span class="pho alt">ˈheɪstæk</span>
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>
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> **AUDIO**:
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> * 逐字朗读版本<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/The-art-of-focus-in-our-whirlwind-existence-can-sometimes-feel-like-searching-for-a-needle-in-a-haystack-all-strong.mp3"></span>
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> * 自然连贯版本 <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/The-art-of-focus-in-our-whirlwind-existence-can-sometimes-feel-like-searching-for-a-needle-in-a-haystack-natural.mp3"></span>
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> * 弱读的词汇:The art *of* focus *in* *our* whirlwind existence *can* sometimes feel *like* searching *for* a needle *in* a haystack.
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> * 相对强读的词汇:The **art** of **focus** in our **whirlwind** existence can **sometimes** **feel** like **searching** for a **needle** in a **haystack**.
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在词汇内部,“辅音 + 元音” 当然可以构成一个音节;在同一个**意群**(thought group)中,如果**以辅音结尾的词汇**遇到**以元音开头的词汇**的话,那么前一个词末尾的**辅音**和后一个词开头的**元音**很可能会连起来读,听起来构成一个**音节**,这种方式叫做**连读**。
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这是一上来就需要调整(或者纠正)的习惯:
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比如在 *People's opinions vary from individual to individual.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-opinions-vary-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-opinions-vary-nova.mp3"></span> 在这句话中,*People's* 末尾的 <span class="pho">z</span> 和 *opinions* 开头的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 会连在一起,<span class="pho alt">piː·pəl·zə·ˈpɪ·njənz</span> —— 感觉上是在读一整个由 *5* 个音节构成的词汇一样……
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> **不能像词典一样读句子里的每一个单词**。
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这类连读,其实无需刻意,只要做到前面一个词末尾的辅音发声器官动作完整,而后能够熟练且又清楚地说出下一个元音开头的词汇,语音就会自然而然连接起来。
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## 4.1.1. 弱读词汇
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这类**连读**中有相当难度乃至于必须刻意练习的其实只有两种,<span class="pho">t</span> 和 <span class="pho">l</span> 构成的连读。
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首先要学会的是,把一些 “虚词” —— 根据情况,比如助动词、系动词、介词、连词、冠词、代词等等 —— 弱读。
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之前提到过,在美式英语里,<span class="pho">t</span> 有个特殊的现象,它夹在两个元音之间的时候会被浊化,被读成弹舌音,用 <span class="pho">t̬</span> 表示,听起来接近 <span class="pho">d</span>…… 比如,在 city <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪt̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/city-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/city-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词汇里, <span class="pho">t</span> 就夹在两个元音之间,所以读成 <span class="pho">t̬</span>。
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比如,在以上的例句中<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/The-art-of-focus-in-our-whirlwind-existence-can-sometimes-feel-like-searching-for-a-needle-in-a-haystack-natural.mp3"></span>,*of* 不是 <span class="pho alt">ɒv</span> 而是 <span class="pho alt">əv, əf, ə</span> 甚至 <span class="pho alt">ɤ</span>,*in* 不是带着重音的 <span class="pho alt">ˈɪn</span> 而是很轻的 <span class="pho alt">ɪn, ən</span>, *our* 不是 <span class="pho alt">ˌaʊɚ</span> 而是 <span class="pho alt">ɑr</span>,*can* 不是 <span class="pho alt">kæn</span> 而是 <span class="pho alt">kən</span>,*like* <span class="pho alt">laɪk</span> 中的双元音 <span class="pho">aɪ</span> 读得很短,*for* 不是 <span class="pho alt">fɔːr</span> 而是 <span class="pho alt">fɚ</span>……
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在自然语流里,同一个意群中,经常会出现以 <span class="pho">t</span> 结尾的词汇后面跟着一个以元音开头的词汇,并且,<span class="pho">t</span> 的前面是元音的概率也很高,所以,词汇之间出现 <span class="pho">t</span> 的浊化弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span> 的情况非常普遍。比如,*Get it done.* <span class="pho alt">ɡet̬ ɪt dʌn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-it-done-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-it-done-nova.mp3"></span>
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以下是其中最常见的强读式、弱读式对照列表。
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<span class="pho">l</span> 构成的连读,对绝大多数人来说,难点在于,如果前一个单词末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span> **舌尖动作不够完整**的话(即,结束的时候舌尖没有贴到龈脊)那么,<span class="pho">l</span> 这个弹舌音就发不出来,无法与后面的元音连上…… 尤其是在没有纠正掉用嘴唇动作替代舌尖动作的错误(乃至于有 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音色)的情况下。
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请仔细听一遍以下的录音,注意所有以 <span class="pho">l</span> 作为末尾的音节:
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> Whether the *goal of* an insurgency has been to establish the Christian religion in the days of the Roman Empire, to create an interstate commerce commission in nineteenth-century America, or to promote civil rights for minorities in the twentieth century, what a *successful insurgency* does in *institutional or* process terms is to change the incentives and constraints facing others, *as well as* the incentives and constraints facing themselves and their successors.<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/goal-of.mp3"></span>[^1]
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在以上这段录音中,*goal‿of*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/goal-of-1.mp3"></span>, *successful‿insurgency*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/goal-of-2.mp3"></span>, *as well‿as*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/goal-of-3.mp3"></span>, 都有前一个单词末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span> 与后一个单词开头的元音之间轻微的连读。但,*institutional or*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/goal-of-4.mp3"></span> 之间却没有 —— 因为这两个词汇实际上分别属于前后不同的意群。
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初学者容易矫枉过正,想把一切自己遇到的词汇间 “辅音 + 元音” 的组合连起来读…… 请注意,是**很可能**连起来读,但**并不一定**。首先,这多少与个人讲话的习惯有关。更为重要的是,讲话的时候要划分**意群**,意群之间要有**暂停**(*pause*)—— 前一个意群末尾的辅音和下一个意群开头的元音,不应该连读。
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并且,即便是在同一个意群里,也不能时时刻刻连读,有时盲目连读会出现歧义。
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> 比如在这句话之中:
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>
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> * She will cherish those memories and ever hold them close to her heart.<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/She-will-cherish-those-memories-and-ever-hold-them-close-to-her-heart.-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/She-will-cherish-those-memories-and-ever-hold-them-close-to-her-heart.-nova.mp3"></span>
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>
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> 如果 and ever,非要连起来读,前面的 and 可能被弱读作 <span class="pho alt">æn, ən</span>,而后要是非要与后面的 <span class="pho alt">ˈev.ɚ</span> 连起来,就可能被听成 <span class="pho alt">ə.nˈev.ɚ</span>(and never)—— 那岂不是可能会被理解成相反的意思?
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> [!Note]
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> 这个列表不能当作**硬规则**使用,不是所有的虚词都必须被弱读;也不是所有的实词都必须被强读 —— 根据情况,这些词在自然语流中也有被强读的时候。
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>
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> 目前(2024.03) OpenAI 的 TTS 引擎生成的语音中,*<span class="pho">l</span> + vowels* 的组合总是没有连读效果 —— 也许将来的版本会改进?
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> * a: <span class="pho alt">eɪ</span> → <span class="pho alt">ə</span>
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> * am: <span class="pho alt">æm</span> → <span class="pho alt">əm, m</span>
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> * an: <span class="pho alt">æn</span> → <span class="pho alt">ən, n</span>
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> * and: <span class="pho alt">ænd</span> → <span class="pho alt">ənd, nd, ən, n</span>
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> * any: <span class="pho alt">'eni</span> → <span class="pho alt">ni</span>
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> * are: <span class="pho">/ɑ/:</span> → <span class="pho alt">ə</span>
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> * as: <span class="pho alt">æs</span> → <span class="pho alt">əz</span>
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> * at: <span class="pho alt">æt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ət</span>
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> * but: <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> → <span class="pho alt">bət</span>
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> * can: <span class="pho alt">kæn</span> → <span class="pho alt">kən, kn, kŋ</span>
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> * could: <span class="pho alt">kud</span> → <span class="pho alt">kəd, kd</span>
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> * do: <span class="pho alt">duː</span> → <span class="pho alt">du, də, d</span>
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> * does: <span class="pho alt">dʌz</span> → <span class="pho alt">dəz</span>
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> * for: <span class="pho alt">fɔː</span> → <span class="pho alt">fə, f</span>
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> * from: <span class="pho alt">frɔm</span> → <span class="pho alt">frəm, frm</span>
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> * had: <span class="pho alt">hæd</span> → <span class="pho alt">həd, əd, d</span>
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> * has: <span class="pho alt">hæz</span> → <span class="pho alt">həz, əz</span>
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> * have: <span class="pho alt">hæv</span> → <span class="pho alt">həv, həf, əv, əf</span>
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> * he: <span class="pho alt">hiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">hi, iː, i</span>
|
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> * her: <span class="pho alt">həː</span> → <span class="pho alt">hə, əː, ə</span>
|
||||
> * him: <span class="pho alt">him</span> → <span class="pho alt">im</span>
|
||||
> * his: <span class="pho alt">hiz</span> → <span class="pho alt">iz</span>
|
||||
> * I: <span class="pho alt">ai</span> → <span class="pho alt">aː, ə</span>
|
||||
> * is: <span class="pho alt">iz</span> → <span class="pho alt">s, z</span>
|
||||
> * many: <span class="pho alt">'meni</span> → <span class="pho alt">mni</span>
|
||||
> * me: <span class="pho alt">miː</span> → <span class="pho alt">mi</span>
|
||||
> * must: <span class="pho alt">mʌst</span> → <span class="pho alt">məst, məs</span>
|
||||
> * my: <span class="pho alt">mai</span> → <span class="pho alt">mi</span>
|
||||
> * of: <span class="pho alt">əv</span> → <span class="pho alt">əv, v, f, ə</span>
|
||||
> * our: <span class="pho alt">ɑʊɚ</span> → <span class="pho">/ɑr</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">ɑ/</span>
|
||||
> * shall: <span class="pho alt">ʃæl</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃəl, ʃl</span>
|
||||
> * she: <span class="pho alt">ʃiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃi</span>
|
||||
> * should: <span class="pho alt">ʃud</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃəd, ʃd, ʃt</span>
|
||||
> * so: <span class="pho alt">səʊ</span> → <span class="pho alt">sə</span>
|
||||
> * some: <span class="pho alt">sʌm</span> → <span class="pho alt">səm, sm</span>
|
||||
> * such: <span class="pho alt">sʌʧ</span> → <span class="pho alt">səʧ</span>
|
||||
> * than: <span class="pho alt">ðæn</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðən, ðn</span>
|
||||
> * that: <span class="pho alt">ðæt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðət</span>
|
||||
> * the: <span class="pho">/ði/:</span> → <span class="pho alt">ði, ðə</span>
|
||||
> * them: <span class="pho alt">ðem</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðəm, ðm, əm, m</span>
|
||||
> * then: <span class="pho alt">ðen</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðən</span>
|
||||
> * to: <span class="pho alt">tuː</span> → <span class="pho alt">tu, tə, t</span>
|
||||
> * us: <span class="pho alt">us</span> → <span class="pho alt">əs</span>
|
||||
> * was: <span class="pho alt">wɔz</span> → <span class="pho alt">wəz, wə</span>
|
||||
> * we: <span class="pho alt">wiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">wi</span>
|
||||
> * were: <span class="pho alt">wəː</span> → <span class="pho alt">wə</span>
|
||||
> * when: <span class="pho alt">wen</span> → <span class="pho alt">wən</span>
|
||||
> * will: <span class="pho alt">wɪl</span> → <span class="pho">/əl, l</span>/
|
||||
> * would: <span class="pho alt">wuːd</span> → <span class="pho alt">wəd, əd</span>
|
||||
> * you: <span class="pho alt">juː</span> → <span class="pho alt">ju, jə</span>
|
||||
## 4.4.2. 辅音 + 辅音(Consonant + Consonant)
|
||||
|
||||
## 4.1.2. 强读词汇
|
||||
“**辅音 + 辅音**” 的组合需要注意的地方相对较多。
|
||||
|
||||
事实上,在自然语流中,讲话者经常调整强读(强调)的词汇,用来表达不同的含义。试比较以下同一个句子的 4 个版本[^1],在不同的版本里,被强读的词汇不同:
|
||||
## 4.4.2.1 省音(elision)
|
||||
|
||||
> * **Marianna** made the **marmalade**.<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/marm1.wav"></span>
|
||||
> * **Marianna** made the marmalade.<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/marm2.wav"></span>
|
||||
> * **Marianna** **made** the **marmalade**.<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/marm3.wav"></span>
|
||||
> * Marianna made the **marmalade**?<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/marm4.wav"></span>
|
||||
“**辅音 + 辅音**” 的组合,常常会造成前一个辅音虽然发声器官(*articulator*)动作完整但并不发声的情况,于是会出现一个既 “听不到” 也 “看不见” 的**停顿**(*stop*),之前举过单词内存在这种情况的例子,*hotdog* <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑːtdɑːɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *network* <span class="pho alt">ˈnetwɝːk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/network-us-female.mp3"></span>,再比如,*hard-nosed* <span class="pho alt">hɑːrd-noʊzd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hard-nosed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hard-nosed-us-female.mp3"></span>, *partner* <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑːrtnɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/partner-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/partner-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
拿第 1 个版本<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/marm1.wav"></span>为例,请参照以下图示:
|
||||
有人把这种现象叫做 **省音**(*elision*);但,这种说法容易产生误导,因为音的确是省了,但,动作却没省,不仅没有省,**动作还很完整**。
|
||||
|
||||

|
||||
在意群中,更是经常出现前一个词汇末尾是辅音,后一个词汇开头也是辅音的情况 —— 同样会出现**省音**。
|
||||
|
||||
同样一个句子,**强调**不同的**词**可能表达不同的含义[^2]:
|
||||
## 4.4.2.2. 叠音(geminates)
|
||||
|
||||
> * Will **you** drive to the office tommorrow? (rather than someone else)
|
||||
> * Will you **drive** to the office tommorrow? (rather than going some other way)
|
||||
> * Will you drive **to** the office tommorrow? (rather than from the office)
|
||||
> * Will you drive to the **office** tommorrow? (rather than somewhere else)
|
||||
> * Will you drive to the office **tommorrow**? (rather than some other day)
|
||||
上一个音节末尾的辅音和下一个音节开头的辅音相同的时候,这一对相同的辅音被称作**叠音**(*geminates*)。在连贯的自然语音中,这两个辅音就只发声一次 —— 但听起来的时候,有可能感受到前一个辅音存在造成细微停顿。它从机制上来看,其实和**省音**([4.4.2.1](2.4.3-cc#_2-4-3-1-省音-elision))一样。其实哪怕相邻的两个辅音相似的时候,也会发生同样的现象。
|
||||
|
||||
被**强读**的词汇之中,重音音节往往带着**声调** —— 升、降、平、降升。并且,少数重音音节会有被拔高的**音高**。这些都是自然语流的韵律中格外重要的组成部分,也是跟读模仿练习时的重点之一。
|
||||
比如,*that time*, 不是 <span class="pho">ðæt taɪm/</span>,而是 <span class="pho alt">ðæ·t̬aɪm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/at-that-time-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/at-that-time-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 第一个 <span class="pho">t</span> 由于后面跟着一个辅音,于是产生了**省音**,听不到了,但,该有的停顿却依然在,在这里我们用 <span class="pho">·</span> 代表那个停顿 ;而后,第二个 <span class="pho">t</span> 与第三个 <span class="pho">t</span> 是**叠音**,这两个 <span class="pho">t</span> 只发声一次。又比如,*bad day*, 不是 <span class="pho alt">bæd deɪ</span>,而是 <span class="pho alt">bæ·deɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/a-bad-day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/a-bad-day-us-female.mp3"></span>。 再比如,*with this*, 不是 <span class="pho alt">wɪθ ðɪs</span>,而是 <span class="pho alt">wɪ·ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/with-this-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/with-this-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
## 4.1.3. 强弱带来的变化
|
||||
## 4.4.2.3. 同化(assimilation)
|
||||
|
||||
如果一个音节是重音或被**强读**,那么这个单词中的:
|
||||
同化(*assimilation*)主要有两种情况:
|
||||
|
||||
> * 长元音会被读的很清楚,并且足够长,甚至显得更长一些;
|
||||
> * 双元音会被读的很饱满,并且显得很有弹性;
|
||||
> * 落在重音上的短元音都会显得更长一些;
|
||||
> * 重音所在的音节可能带着不同的声调(平调、升调、降调、降升)……
|
||||
> * 重音所在的音节可能带着更高的音高(往往是 “高”、“中”、“低” 中的 “高”)……
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">t</span> + <span class="pho">j</span> = <span class="pho">tʃ</span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">d</span> + <span class="pho">j</span> = <span class="pho">dʒ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
如果一个音节被**弱读**,那么这个单词中的:
|
||||
最常见的比如,*Don't you?* <span class="pho alt">doʊn tʃju?</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Dont-you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Dont-you-us-female.mp3"></span>;以及,*Would you?* <span class="pho alt">wʊ dʒju?</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Would-you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Would-you-us-female.mp3"></span> 这里的关键在于,<span class="pho">t, d</span> 发声时起始的舌尖位置如果放对了([2.2.3](2.2.3-td)),它与后面的 <span class="pho alt">ju</span> 连起来的发声就只能如此。
|
||||
|
||||
> * 长元音会变得短一些(几乎与短元音的长度相当);
|
||||
> * 重音音节会变得与非重音音节一样轻;
|
||||
> * 很多元音都会发生变化,向 *schwa* <span class="pho">ə</span>靠拢;
|
||||
> * 很多与辅音相关的停顿会被直接省略;
|
||||
> * 清辅音 <span class="pho">s</span>、<span class="pho">t</span>、<span class="pho">k</span>、<span class="pho">f</span> 之后的元音 <span class="pho">ə</span> 可能会直接被省略掉;
|
||||
> * 整个单词所处的音高往往是 “高”、“中”、“低” 之中的 “低”,最多是 “中”……
|
||||
同化主要发生在 <span class="pho">j</span> 这个音上。除了已经讲过的 <span class="pho">j</span> 前面遇到 <span class="pho">t</span> 和 <span class="pho">d</span> 时会产生同化之外,
|
||||
|
||||
其实,哪怕在单独读某一个单词的时候,其中元音的长短都会受到重音重读的影响。比如,*city* 这个单词,重音在第一个音节上,而两处的元音是一样的:<span class="pho alt">ˈsɪ-t̬ɪ</span>;但是只要你把第一个音节读得足够重,自然而然就能感觉到**第一个音节**只能比**第二个音节**更长。
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">s</span> + <span class="pho">j</span> = <span class="pho">ʃ</span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">z</span> + <span class="pho">j</span> = <span class="pho">ʒ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
[^1] 这个例子来自于 [Macquarie University](https://www.mq.edu.au/about/about-the-university/our-faculties/medicine-and-health-sciences/departments-and-centres/department-of-linguistics/our-research/phonetics-and-phonology/speech/phonetics-and-phonology/Intonation-tobi-introduction)
|
||||
[^2] 这个例子来自于 *Manual of American English Pronunciation*, 4th edition, by Clifford H. Prator, Jr. BettyWallaceRobinett, 1972
|
||||
比如,<span class="pho">s+j</span> 可能会被读成 <span class="pho">ʃ</span>,<span class="pho">z+j</span> 可能会被读成 <span class="pho">ʒ</span>。再比如,*Miss you so much.* <span class="pho alt">mɪ ʃu səʊ mʌʧ.</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Miss-you-so-much-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Miss-you-so-much-us-female.mp3"></span>;*It was your job.* <span class="pho alt">ɪt wɒ ʒʊr ʤɒb.</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/It-was-your-job-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/It-was-your-job-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
请注意,这两组是**可能**,并非一定,并非所有英文母语使用者都如此发音。
|
||||
|
||||
另外一个细节是,<span class="pho">k/g</span> 之前的 <span class="pho">n</span>,可能会被同化为 <span class="pho">ŋ</span>:
|
||||
|
||||
## 4.4.2.4. 击穿(dropping)
|
||||
|
||||
“辅音 + 辅音” 的组合中,如果第二个辅音是 <span class="pho">h</span> 的话,它常常被击穿(*dropping*),因为 <span class="pho">h</span> 原本就是很轻的音,发音时声带并不震动,所以总是自然而然地被前后发音相对更为响亮的声音所掩盖。
|
||||
|
||||
比如,*Was he hurt?* 三个单词分开读,应该是 <span class="pho alt">wɒz hi həːt</span> 在连贯的语音中,会被读成 <span class="pho alt">wɒzi həːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Was-he-hurt-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Was-he-hurt-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 听不到 <span class="pho">h</span>,它被击穿了。
|
||||
|
||||
很多美国人在 <span class="pho">t</span> 这个音上还有另外一个特殊的习惯,<span class="pho">t</span> 跟在 <span class="pho">n</span> 之后的时候,美国人说话的方式会让我们听不到那个 <span class="pho">t</span>,也就是说,<span class="pho">t</span> 也可能被击穿。比如,他们说 *interview* 的时候你听到的可能是 <span class="pho alt">ˈɪnəˌvju</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/interview-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/interview-us-female.mp3"></span>,没有 <span class="pho">t</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
另外,<span class="pho">ð</span> 也可能被击穿,基本只发生在 *them* 这个常用词上。比如,*let them* <span class="pho alt">let ðəm</span>, 变成了 <span class="pho alt">let-əm</span>,又由于 <span class="pho">ð</span> 被击穿了之后,<span class="pho">t</span> 等于被夹在了两个元音之间,于是会变成浊化的弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>,于是,说出来的或者听到的是 <span class="pho alt">let̬əm</span>…… 所以,在快速的自然语流中 *let him* 和 *let them* 实际上几乎没有区别,需要通过上下文确定究竟是 *him* 还是 *them*。
|
||||
|
||||
## 4.4.2.5 其它(others)
|
||||
|
||||
值得一提的是,<span class="pho">m/n</span> + <span class="pho">f/v</span> 的情况。词汇之内我们看过 *comfort* <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌmfɚt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *conversation* <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑːnvɚˈseɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/conversation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/conversation-us-female.mp3"></span> 的例子([2.2.13](2.2.13-mnŋ))。这种情况在意群之内也经常会遇到,比如,*stem from*, 只能读成 <span class="pho alt">sten frəm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/stem-from-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/stem-from-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
## 4.4.3. 元音 + 元音(Vowel + Vowel)
|
||||
|
||||
“元音 + 元音” 的组合之中,会出现**加音**(*intrusion*)。
|
||||
|
||||
前一个元音以 <span class="pho">ɪ/i/iː</span> 结尾,会出现加音 <span class="pho">ʲ</span>:
|
||||
|
||||
> - *I am* - <span class="pho alt">ˈaɪ ˈæm</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈaɪʲæm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/I-am-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/I-am-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *He is* - <span class="pho alt">ˈhiː ˈɪz</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈhiːʲɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/He-is-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/He-is-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *She is* - <span class="pho alt">ˈʃiː ˈɪz</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈʃiːʲɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/She-is-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/She-is-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *They are* - <span class="pho alt">ˈðeɪ ˈɑːr</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈðeɪʲɑːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/They-are-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/They-are-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
注意:一些以 <span class="pho">i</span> 结尾的动词,使用进行时态的时候,末尾会加上 *ing*,即,<span class="pho alt">ɪŋ</span>。比如,*study* <span class="pho alt">ˈstʌdi</span> 的现在分词形式是 *studying* <span class="pho alt">ˈstʌdi.ɪŋ</span> —— 这里会出现加音 <span class="pho">ʲ</span>,即最后一个音节变成 <span class="pho alt">jɪŋ</span>…… 可是,在自然读音中,它更接近 <span class="pho alt">jəŋ</span>,所以,*studying* 的读音,词典里标注的当然还是 <span class="pho alt">ˈstʌdiɪŋ</span>,但,读出来的更接近 <span class="pho alt">ˈstʌdiʲəŋ</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
再比如:
|
||||
|
||||
> *applying* *carrying* *crying*
|
||||
>
|
||||
> *denying* *qulifying* *replying*
|
||||
>
|
||||
> *satisfying* *specifying* *spying*
|
||||
|
||||
前一个音节以 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 结尾,比如 <span class="pho">ʊ/uː/aʊ/oʊ</span>,会出现加音 <span class="pho">ʷ</span>:
|
||||
|
||||
> - *Go away* - <span class="pho alt">ˈɡoʊ əˈweɪ</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈɡoʊʷəˈweɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Go-away-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Go-away-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *Do all* - <span class="pho alt">ˈduː ˈɔːl</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈduːʷɔːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Do-all-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Do-all-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *Do it* - <span class="pho alt">ˈduː ˈɪt</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈduːʷɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Do-it-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Do-it-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *Throw it* - <span class="pho alt">ˈθroʊ ˈɪt</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈθroʊʷɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Throw-it-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Throw-it-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: This audio clip is extracted from the Audible edition of Knowledge and Decisions by Thomas Sowell.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
|
||||
# 4.5. 句子
|
||||
|
||||
一句话由一个或者多个词汇构成 —— 当一句话由多个词汇构成的时候,有个重要的现象:
|
||||
|
||||
> * 有些词会被**强读**(***accented** form*)
|
||||
> * 有些词会被**弱读**(***weak** form*)
|
||||
|
||||
即,不是每个词都是以同样的方式读出来的。
|
||||
|
||||
仔细听听以下例句:
|
||||
|
||||
> **TEXT**:
|
||||
> * The art of focus in our whirlwind existence can sometimes feel like searching for a needle in a haystack.
|
||||
> * The <span class="pho alt">ðɪ</span> art <span class="pho alt">ˈɑːrt</span> of <span class="pho alt">ɒv</span> focus <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkəs</span> in <span class="pho alt">ɪn</span> our <span class="pho alt">ˌaʊɚ</span> whirlwind <span class="pho alt">ˈwɝːlwɪnd</span> existence <span class="pho alt">ˈɪɡzɪstəns</span> can <span class="pho alt">kæn</span> sometimes <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌmtaɪmz</span> feel <span class="pho alt">ˈfiːl</span> like <span class="pho alt">ˈlaɪk</span> searching <span class="pho alt">ˈsɝːtʃɪŋ</span> for <span class="pho alt">fɔːr</span> a <span class="pho alt">ə</span> needle <span class="pho alt">ˈniːdəl</span> in <span class="pho alt">ɪn</span> a <span class="pho alt">ə</span> haystack <span class="pho alt">ˈheɪstæk</span>
|
||||
>
|
||||
> **AUDIO**:
|
||||
> * 逐字朗读版本<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/The-art-of-focus-in-our-whirlwind-existence-can-sometimes-feel-like-searching-for-a-needle-in-a-haystack-all-strong.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * 自然连贯版本 <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/The-art-of-focus-in-our-whirlwind-existence-can-sometimes-feel-like-searching-for-a-needle-in-a-haystack-natural.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * 弱读的词汇:The art *of* focus *in* *our* whirlwind existence *can* sometimes feel *like* searching *for* a needle *in* a haystack.
|
||||
> * 相对强读的词汇:The **art** of **focus** in our **whirlwind** existence can **sometimes** **feel** like **searching** for a **needle** in a **haystack**.
|
||||
|
||||
这是一上来就需要调整(或者纠正)的习惯:
|
||||
|
||||
> **不能像词典一样读句子里的每一个单词**。
|
||||
|
||||
## 4.5.1. 弱读词汇
|
||||
|
||||
首先要学会的是,把一些 “虚词” —— 根据情况,比如助动词、系动词、介词、连词、冠词、代词等等 —— 弱读。
|
||||
|
||||
比如,在以上的例句中<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/The-art-of-focus-in-our-whirlwind-existence-can-sometimes-feel-like-searching-for-a-needle-in-a-haystack-natural.mp3"></span>,*of* 不是 <span class="pho alt">ɒv</span> 而是 <span class="pho alt">əv, əf, ə</span> 甚至 <span class="pho alt">ɤ</span>,*in* 不是带着重音的 <span class="pho alt">ˈɪn</span> 而是很轻的 <span class="pho alt">ɪn, ən</span>, *our* 不是 <span class="pho alt">ˌaʊɚ</span> 而是 <span class="pho alt">ɑr</span>,*can* 不是 <span class="pho alt">kæn</span> 而是 <span class="pho alt">kən</span>,*like* <span class="pho alt">laɪk</span> 中的双元音 <span class="pho">aɪ</span> 读得很短,*for* 不是 <span class="pho alt">fɔːr</span> 而是 <span class="pho alt">fɚ</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
以下是其中最常见的强读式、弱读式对照列表。
|
||||
|
||||
> [!Note]
|
||||
> 这个列表不能当作**硬规则**使用,不是所有的虚词都必须被弱读;也不是所有的实词都必须被强读 —— 根据情况,这些词在自然语流中也有被强读的时候。
|
||||
|
||||
> * a: <span class="pho alt">eɪ</span> → <span class="pho alt">ə</span>
|
||||
> * am: <span class="pho alt">æm</span> → <span class="pho alt">əm, m</span>
|
||||
> * an: <span class="pho alt">æn</span> → <span class="pho alt">ən, n</span>
|
||||
> * and: <span class="pho alt">ænd</span> → <span class="pho alt">ənd, nd, ən, n</span>
|
||||
> * any: <span class="pho alt">'eni</span> → <span class="pho alt">ni</span>
|
||||
> * are: <span class="pho">/ɑ/:</span> → <span class="pho alt">ə</span>
|
||||
> * as: <span class="pho alt">æs</span> → <span class="pho alt">əz</span>
|
||||
> * at: <span class="pho alt">æt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ət</span>
|
||||
> * but: <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> → <span class="pho alt">bət</span>
|
||||
> * can: <span class="pho alt">kæn</span> → <span class="pho alt">kən, kn, kŋ</span>
|
||||
> * could: <span class="pho alt">kud</span> → <span class="pho alt">kəd, kd</span>
|
||||
> * do: <span class="pho alt">duː</span> → <span class="pho alt">du, də, d</span>
|
||||
> * does: <span class="pho alt">dʌz</span> → <span class="pho alt">dəz</span>
|
||||
> * for: <span class="pho alt">fɔː</span> → <span class="pho alt">fə, f</span>
|
||||
> * from: <span class="pho alt">frɔm</span> → <span class="pho alt">frəm, frm</span>
|
||||
> * had: <span class="pho alt">hæd</span> → <span class="pho alt">həd, əd, d</span>
|
||||
> * has: <span class="pho alt">hæz</span> → <span class="pho alt">həz, əz</span>
|
||||
> * have: <span class="pho alt">hæv</span> → <span class="pho alt">həv, həf, əv, əf</span>
|
||||
> * he: <span class="pho alt">hiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">hi, iː, i</span>
|
||||
> * her: <span class="pho alt">həː</span> → <span class="pho alt">hə, əː, ə</span>
|
||||
> * him: <span class="pho alt">him</span> → <span class="pho alt">im</span>
|
||||
> * his: <span class="pho alt">hiz</span> → <span class="pho alt">iz</span>
|
||||
> * I: <span class="pho alt">ai</span> → <span class="pho alt">aː, ə</span>
|
||||
> * is: <span class="pho alt">iz</span> → <span class="pho alt">s, z</span>
|
||||
> * many: <span class="pho alt">'meni</span> → <span class="pho alt">mni</span>
|
||||
> * me: <span class="pho alt">miː</span> → <span class="pho alt">mi</span>
|
||||
> * must: <span class="pho alt">mʌst</span> → <span class="pho alt">məst, məs</span>
|
||||
> * my: <span class="pho alt">mai</span> → <span class="pho alt">mi</span>
|
||||
> * of: <span class="pho alt">əv</span> → <span class="pho alt">əv, v, f, ə</span>
|
||||
> * our: <span class="pho alt">ɑʊɚ</span> → <span class="pho">/ɑr</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">ɑ/</span>
|
||||
> * shall: <span class="pho alt">ʃæl</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃəl, ʃl</span>
|
||||
> * she: <span class="pho alt">ʃiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃi</span>
|
||||
> * should: <span class="pho alt">ʃud</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃəd, ʃd, ʃt</span>
|
||||
> * so: <span class="pho alt">səʊ</span> → <span class="pho alt">sə</span>
|
||||
> * some: <span class="pho alt">sʌm</span> → <span class="pho alt">səm, sm</span>
|
||||
> * such: <span class="pho alt">sʌʧ</span> → <span class="pho alt">səʧ</span>
|
||||
> * than: <span class="pho alt">ðæn</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðən, ðn</span>
|
||||
> * that: <span class="pho alt">ðæt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðət</span>
|
||||
> * the: <span class="pho">/ði/:</span> → <span class="pho alt">ði, ðə</span>
|
||||
> * them: <span class="pho alt">ðem</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðəm, ðm, əm, m</span>
|
||||
> * then: <span class="pho alt">ðen</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðən</span>
|
||||
> * to: <span class="pho alt">tuː</span> → <span class="pho alt">tu, tə, t</span>
|
||||
> * us: <span class="pho alt">us</span> → <span class="pho alt">əs</span>
|
||||
> * was: <span class="pho alt">wɔz</span> → <span class="pho alt">wəz, wə</span>
|
||||
> * we: <span class="pho alt">wiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">wi</span>
|
||||
> * were: <span class="pho alt">wəː</span> → <span class="pho alt">wə</span>
|
||||
> * when: <span class="pho alt">wen</span> → <span class="pho alt">wən</span>
|
||||
> * will: <span class="pho alt">wɪl</span> → <span class="pho">/əl, l</span>/
|
||||
> * would: <span class="pho alt">wuːd</span> → <span class="pho alt">wəd, əd</span>
|
||||
> * you: <span class="pho alt">juː</span> → <span class="pho alt">ju, jə</span>
|
||||
|
||||
## 4.5.2. 强读词汇
|
||||
|
||||
事实上,在自然语流中,讲话者经常调整强读(强调)的词汇,用来表达不同的含义。试比较以下同一个句子的 4 个版本[^1],在不同的版本里,被强读的词汇不同:
|
||||
|
||||
> * **Marianna** made the **marmalade**.<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/marm1.wav"></span>
|
||||
> * **Marianna** made the marmalade.<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/marm2.wav"></span>
|
||||
> * **Marianna** **made** the **marmalade**.<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/marm3.wav"></span>
|
||||
> * Marianna made the **marmalade**?<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/marm4.wav"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
拿第 1 个版本<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/marm1.wav"></span>为例,请参照以下图示:
|
||||
|
||||

|
||||
|
||||
同样一个句子,**强调**不同的**词**可能表达不同的含义[^2]:
|
||||
|
||||
> * Will **you** drive to the office tommorrow? (rather than someone else)
|
||||
> * Will you **drive** to the office tommorrow? (rather than going some other way)
|
||||
> * Will you drive **to** the office tommorrow? (rather than from the office)
|
||||
> * Will you drive to the **office** tommorrow? (rather than somewhere else)
|
||||
> * Will you drive to the office **tommorrow**? (rather than some other day)
|
||||
|
||||
被**强读**的词汇之中,重音音节往往带着**声调** —— 升、降、平、降升。并且,少数重音音节会有被拔高的**音高**。这些都是自然语流的韵律中格外重要的组成部分,也是跟读模仿练习时的重点之一。
|
||||
|
||||
## 4.5.3. 强弱带来的变化
|
||||
|
||||
如果一个音节是重音或被**强读**,那么这个单词中的:
|
||||
|
||||
> * 长元音会被读的很清楚,并且足够长,甚至显得更长一些;
|
||||
> * 双元音会被读的很饱满,并且显得很有弹性;
|
||||
> * 落在重音上的短元音都会显得更长一些;
|
||||
> * 重音所在的音节可能带着不同的声调(平调、升调、降调、降升)……
|
||||
> * 重音所在的音节可能带着更高的音高(往往是 “高”、“中”、“低” 中的 “高”)……
|
||||
|
||||
如果一个音节被**弱读**,那么这个单词中的:
|
||||
|
||||
> * 长元音会变得短一些(几乎与短元音的长度相当);
|
||||
> * 重音音节会变得与非重音音节一样轻;
|
||||
> * 很多元音都会发生变化,向 *schwa* <span class="pho">ə</span>靠拢;
|
||||
> * 很多与辅音相关的停顿会被直接省略;
|
||||
> * 清辅音 <span class="pho">s</span>、<span class="pho">t</span>、<span class="pho">k</span>、<span class="pho">f</span> 之后的元音 <span class="pho">ə</span> 可能会直接被省略掉;
|
||||
> * 整个单词所处的音高往往是 “高”、“中”、“低” 之中的 “低”,最多是 “中”……
|
||||
|
||||
其实,哪怕在单独读某一个单词的时候,其中元音的长短都会受到重音重读的影响。比如,*city* 这个单词,重音在第一个音节上,而两处的元音是一样的:<span class="pho alt">ˈsɪ-t̬ɪ</span>;但是只要你把第一个音节读得足够重,自然而然就能感觉到**第一个音节**只能比**第二个音节**更长。
|
||||
|
||||
[^1] 这个例子来自于 [Macquarie University](https://www.mq.edu.au/about/about-the-university/our-faculties/medicine-and-health-sciences/departments-and-centres/department-of-linguistics/our-research/phonetics-and-phonology/speech/phonetics-and-phonology/Intonation-tobi-introduction)
|
||||
[^2] 这个例子来自于 *Manual of American English Pronunciation*, 4th edition, by Clifford H. Prator, Jr. BettyWallaceRobinett, 1972
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user