08-21-2048, chapter 4.4-linking

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/4.5-sentences.md

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+# 4.5. 句子
+
+一句话由一个或者多个词汇构成 —— 当一句话由多个词汇构成的时候，有个重要的现象：
+
+> * 有些词会被**强读**（***accented** form*）
+> * 有些词会被**弱读**（***weak** form*）
+
+即，不是每个词都是以同样的方式读出来的。
+
+仔细听听以下例句：
+
+> **TEXT**:
+> * The art of focus in our whirlwind existence can sometimes feel like searching for a needle in a haystack.
+> * The <span class="pho alt">ðɪ</span> art <span class="pho alt">ˈɑːrt</span> of <span class="pho alt">ɒv</span> focus <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkəs</span> in <span class="pho alt">ɪn</span> our <span class="pho alt">ˌaʊɚ</span> whirlwind <span class="pho alt">ˈwɝːlwɪnd</span> existence <span class="pho alt">ˈɪɡzɪstəns</span> can <span class="pho alt">kæn</span> sometimes <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌmtaɪmz</span> feel <span class="pho alt">ˈfiːl</span> like <span class="pho alt">ˈlaɪk</span> searching <span class="pho alt">ˈsɝːtʃɪŋ</span> for <span class="pho alt">fɔːr</span> a <span class="pho alt">ə</span> needle <span class="pho alt">ˈniːdəl</span> in <span class="pho alt">ɪn</span> a <span class="pho alt">ə</span> haystack <span class="pho alt">ˈheɪstæk</span>
+> 
+> **AUDIO**:
+> * 逐字朗读版本<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/The-art-of-focus-in-our-whirlwind-existence-can-sometimes-feel-like-searching-for-a-needle-in-a-haystack-all-strong.mp3"></span>
+> * 自然连贯版本 <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/The-art-of-focus-in-our-whirlwind-existence-can-sometimes-feel-like-searching-for-a-needle-in-a-haystack-natural.mp3"></span>
+>   * 弱读的词汇：The art *of* focus *in* *our* whirlwind existence *can* sometimes feel *like* searching *for* a needle *in* a haystack.
+>   * 相对强读的词汇：The **art** of **focus** in our **whirlwind** existence can **sometimes** **feel** like **searching** for a **needle** in a **haystack**.
+
+这是一上来就需要调整（或者纠正）的习惯：
+
+> **不能像词典一样读句子里的每一个单词**。
+
+## 4.5.1. 弱读词汇
+
+首先要学会的是，把一些 “虚词” —— 根据情况，比如助动词、系动词、介词、连词、冠词、代词等等 —— 弱读。
+
+比如，在以上的例句中<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/The-art-of-focus-in-our-whirlwind-existence-can-sometimes-feel-like-searching-for-a-needle-in-a-haystack-natural.mp3"></span>，*of* 不是 <span class="pho alt">ɒv</span> 而是 <span class="pho alt">əv, əf, ə</span> 甚至 <span class="pho alt">ɤ</span>，*in* 不是带着重音的 <span class="pho alt">ˈɪn</span> 而是很轻的 <span class="pho alt">ɪn, ən</span>, *our* 不是 <span class="pho alt">ˌaʊɚ</span> 而是 <span class="pho alt">ɑr</span>，*can* 不是 <span class="pho alt">kæn</span> 而是 <span class="pho alt">kən</span>，*like* <span class="pho alt">laɪk</span> 中的双元音 <span class="pho">aɪ</span> 读得很短，*for* 不是 <span class="pho alt">fɔːr</span> 而是 <span class="pho alt">fɚ</span>……
+
+以下是其中最常见的强读式、弱读式对照列表。
+
+> [!Note]
+> 这个列表不能当作**硬规则**使用，不是所有的虚词都必须被弱读；也不是所有的实词都必须被强读 —— 根据情况，这些词在自然语流中也有被强读的时候。
+
+> * a: <span class="pho alt">eɪ</span> → <span class="pho alt">ə</span>
+> * am: <span class="pho alt">æm</span> → <span class="pho alt">əm, m</span>
+> * an: <span class="pho alt">æn</span> → <span class="pho alt">ən, n</span>
+> * and: <span class="pho alt">ænd</span> → <span class="pho alt">ənd, nd, ən, n</span>
+> * any: <span class="pho alt">'eni</span> → <span class="pho alt">ni</span>
+> * are: <span class="pho">/ɑ/:</span> → <span class="pho alt">ə</span>
+> * as: <span class="pho alt">æs</span> → <span class="pho alt">əz</span>
+> * at: <span class="pho alt">æt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ət</span>
+> * but: <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> → <span class="pho alt">bət</span>
+> * can: <span class="pho alt">kæn</span> → <span class="pho alt">kən, kn, kŋ</span>
+> * could: <span class="pho alt">kud</span> → <span class="pho alt">kəd, kd</span>
+> * do: <span class="pho alt">duː</span> → <span class="pho alt">du, də, d</span>
+> * does: <span class="pho alt">dʌz</span> → <span class="pho alt">dəz</span>
+> * for: <span class="pho alt">fɔː</span> → <span class="pho alt">fə, f</span>
+> * from: <span class="pho alt">frɔm</span> → <span class="pho alt">frəm, frm</span>
+> * had: <span class="pho alt">hæd</span> → <span class="pho alt">həd, əd, d</span>
+> * has: <span class="pho alt">hæz</span> → <span class="pho alt">həz, əz</span>
+> * have: <span class="pho alt">hæv</span> → <span class="pho alt">həv, həf, əv, əf</span>
+> * he: <span class="pho alt">hiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">hi, iː, i</span>
+> * her: <span class="pho alt">həː</span> → <span class="pho alt">hə, əː, ə</span>
+> * him: <span class="pho alt">him</span> → <span class="pho alt">im</span>
+> * his: <span class="pho alt">hiz</span> → <span class="pho alt">iz</span>
+> * I: <span class="pho alt">ai</span> → <span class="pho alt">aː, ə</span>
+> * is: <span class="pho alt">iz</span> → <span class="pho alt">s, z</span>
+> * many: <span class="pho alt">'meni</span> → <span class="pho alt">mni</span>
+> * me: <span class="pho alt">miː</span> → <span class="pho alt">mi</span>
+> * must: <span class="pho alt">mʌst</span> → <span class="pho alt">məst, məs</span>
+> * my: <span class="pho alt">mai</span> → <span class="pho alt">mi</span>
+> * of: <span class="pho alt">əv</span> → <span class="pho alt">əv, v, f, ə</span>
+> * our: <span class="pho alt">ɑʊɚ</span> → <span class="pho">/ɑr</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">ɑ/</span>
+> * shall: <span class="pho alt">ʃæl</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃəl, ʃl</span>
+> * she: <span class="pho alt">ʃiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃi</span>
+> * should: <span class="pho alt">ʃud</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃəd, ʃd, ʃt</span>
+> * so: <span class="pho alt">səʊ</span> → <span class="pho alt">sə</span>
+> * some: <span class="pho alt">sʌm</span> → <span class="pho alt">səm, sm</span>
+> * such: <span class="pho alt">sʌʧ</span> → <span class="pho alt">səʧ</span>
+> * than: <span class="pho alt">ðæn</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðən, ðn</span>
+> * that: <span class="pho alt">ðæt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðət</span>
+> * the: <span class="pho">/ði/:</span> → <span class="pho alt">ði, ðə</span>
+> * them: <span class="pho alt">ðem</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðəm, ðm, əm, m</span>
+> * then: <span class="pho alt">ðen</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðən</span>
+> * to: <span class="pho alt">tuː</span> → <span class="pho alt">tu, tə, t</span>
+> * us: <span class="pho alt">us</span> → <span class="pho alt">əs</span>
+> * was: <span class="pho alt">wɔz</span> → <span class="pho alt">wəz, wə</span>
+> * we: <span class="pho alt">wiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">wi</span>
+> * were: <span class="pho alt">wəː</span> → <span class="pho alt">wə</span>
+> * when: <span class="pho alt">wen</span> → <span class="pho alt">wən</span>
+> * will: <span class="pho alt">wɪl</span> → <span class="pho">/əl, l</span>/
+> * would: <span class="pho alt">wuːd</span> → <span class="pho alt">wəd, əd</span>
+> * you: <span class="pho alt">juː</span> → <span class="pho alt">ju, jə</span>
+
+## 4.5.2. 强读词汇
+
+事实上，在自然语流中，讲话者经常调整强读（强调）的词汇，用来表达不同的含义。试比较以下同一个句子的 4 个版本[^1]，在不同的版本里，被强读的词汇不同：
+
+> * **Marianna** made the **marmalade**.<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/marm1.wav"></span>
+> * **Marianna** made the marmalade.<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/marm2.wav"></span>
+> * **Marianna** **made** the **marmalade**.<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/marm3.wav"></span>
+> * Marianna made the **marmalade**?<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/marm4.wav"></span>
+
+拿第 1 个版本<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/marm1.wav"></span>为例，请参照以下图示：
+
+![nuclear-accented-words](/images/nuclear-accented-words.svg)
+
+同样一个句子，**强调**不同的**词**可能表达不同的含义[^2]：
+
+> * Will **you** drive to the office tommorrow? (rather than someone else)
+> * Will you **drive** to the office tommorrow? (rather than going some other way)
+> * Will you drive **to** the office tommorrow? (rather than from the office)
+> * Will you drive to the **office** tommorrow? (rather than somewhere else)
+> * Will you drive to the office **tommorrow**? (rather than some other day)
+
+被**强读**的词汇之中，重音音节往往带着**声调** —— 升、降、平、降升。并且，少数重音音节会有被拔高的**音高**。这些都是自然语流的韵律中格外重要的组成部分，也是跟读模仿练习时的重点之一。
+
+## 4.5.3. 强弱带来的变化
+
+如果一个音节是重音或被**强读**，那么这个单词中的：
+
+> * 长元音会被读的很清楚，并且足够长，甚至显得更长一些；
+> * 双元音会被读的很饱满，并且显得很有弹性；
+> * 落在重音上的短元音都会显得更长一些；
+> * 重音所在的音节可能带着不同的声调（平调、升调、降调、降升）……
+> * 重音所在的音节可能带着更高的音高（往往是 “高”、“中”、“低” 中的 “高”）……
+
+如果一个音节被**弱读**，那么这个单词中的：
+
+> * 长元音会变得短一些（几乎与短元音的长度相当）；
+> * 重音音节会变得与非重音音节一样轻；
+> * 很多元音都会发生变化，向 *schwa* <span class="pho">ə</span>靠拢；
+> * 很多与辅音相关的停顿会被直接省略；
+> * 清辅音 <span class="pho">s</span>、<span class="pho">t</span>、<span class="pho">k</span>、<span class="pho">f</span> 之后的元音 <span class="pho">ə</span> 可能会直接被省略掉；
+> * 整个单词所处的音高往往是 “高”、“中”、“低” 之中的 “低”，最多是 “中”……
+
+其实，哪怕在单独读某一个单词的时候，其中元音的长短都会受到重音重读的影响。比如，*city* 这个单词，重音在第一个音节上，而两处的元音是一样的：<span class="pho alt">ˈsɪ-t̬ɪ</span>；但是只要你把第一个音节读得足够重，自然而然就能感觉到**第一个音节**只能比**第二个音节**更长。
+
+[^1] 这个例子来自于 [Macquarie University](https://www.mq.edu.au/about/about-the-university/our-faculties/medicine-and-health-sciences/departments-and-centres/department-of-linguistics/our-research/phonetics-and-phonology/speech/phonetics-and-phonology/Intonation-tobi-introduction)
+[^2] 这个例子来自于 *Manual of American English Pronunciation*, 4th edition, by Clifford H. Prator, Jr. BettyWallaceRobinett, 1972